Analytical Methodologies for the Determination of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Biological and Environmental Samples

Table 4

Determination of flame retardants in biological and environmental samples.

Analytes	Samples	Extraction	Determination	Analytical parameters	Reference
38 HFRs	Wastewater	Preconditioned empire speed disk	LC–MS^2	Recoveries: 25–132%; LOQs: 0.1–5.6 μg·L^−1	[131]
TBBPA and five PBDEs	Wastewater, river, and drinkingwater	LLE	LC-LIT	Recoveries: 43–99%; LOQs: 0.2–3.3 ng·L^−1	[132]
HBCD isomers	Suspended sediments from detroit river	ASE	LC-MS^2	—	[133]
HBCD diastereoisomers	Marine sediment	MAE	LC-IT	Recoveries: 68–91%; LOQs: 25–40 pg·g^−1	[134]
TBBPA and brominated BPA analogues	Sediment and sludge	Soxhlet	LC-MS^2	Recoveries: 70–105%; LOQs: 0.02–0.15 ng·g^−1	[135]
TBBPA, BPA, MonoBBPA, DiBBPA, and TriBBPA	Sewage sludge and sediment	Sonication SPE	LC-MS-LIT	Recoveries: 39–120%; LODs: 0.6–2.7 ng·g^−1	[136]
HBCDs and TBBPA	Sewage sludge	PLE	UHPLC-MS^2	Recoveries: 65–112%; LOQs: 0.005–0.14 ng·g^−1	[137]
HBCDs (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD)	Food	MSPD	LC-MS^2	LODs: 1.5–4.3 ng·mL^−1	[138]
36 halogenated flame retardants	Fish	PLE	LC-MS^2	IDLs: 4.7 pg	[139]

LC: liquid chromatography; UHPLC: ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography; MS: mass spectrometry; IT: ion trap; LIT: lineal ion trap.
SPE: solid-phase extraction; ASE: assisted solvent extraction; LLE: liquid-liquid extraction; PLE: pressurised liquid extraction; MAE: microwave-assisted extraction; MSPD: matrix solid-phase dispersion.
LOQ: limit of quantification; LOD: limit of detection; IDL: instrument detection limit.
HFRs: halogenated flame retardants; BPA: bisphenol A; TBBPA: tetrabromobisphenol A; PBDEs: polybrominated dipheny lethers; HBCD: hexabromocyclododecanes.