Role of Intracellular Ca²⁺ and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ Exchanger in the Pathogenesis of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Figure 1

The diagram shows the proposed molecular mechanism of CI-AKI. CI-AKI, contrast-induced acute renal injury; NCX, Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger; VDC, the voltage-dependent Ca²⁺ channel; NHE, Na⁺/H⁺ exchange; [Ca⁺⁺]_i, intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration; [Na⁺]_i, intracellular Na⁺ concentration; p38 MAPK (p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases); ROS, reactive oxygen species. ET-1, endothelin-1; ATP, adenosine triphosphate.