| | Studied diseases |
Studied exhaled breath* and in vitro volatile organic compounds and exhaled
breath condensates** | References | | Breath | Culture (in vitro) |
| | Pulmonary tuberculosis | (1) Benzene, ethyl-*
(2) Benzene, methyl-*
(3) Benzene, propyl-*
(4) Heptane, 3-methyl-*
(5) Propane, 2-methoxy-2-me*
(6) 1-Octene*
(7) Cyclohexane*
(8) Heptanal*
(9) Heptane, 2,4-dimethyl-*
(10) Heptane, 4-methyl-*
(11) Nonanal*
(12) Pentane, 2-methyl-*
(13) Styrene*
(14) Tridecane*
(15) Cyclohexane, 1,3-
-dimethyl-, trans-*
(16) Benzene, 1,4-dichloro-*
(17) Cyclohexane, 1,4-
-dimethyl-*
(18) 1-Octanal, 2-butyl-*
(19) 2-Butanone*
(20) Naphthalene, 1-methyl-*
(21) Camphene*
(22) Decane, 4-methyl-*
(23) Heptane, 3-ethyl-2-
methyl-*
(24) Octane, 2,6-dimethyl-*
(25) Benzene, 1,2,3,4-
-tetramethyl*
(26) Icycle_3_1_1_hept-2-
-ene, 3,6,6-trimethyl-*
(27) Cyclohexane, 1-ethyl-4-methyl-, trans-*
(28) 1-_beta_-Pinene* | (1) Naphthalene, 1-methyl-
(2) 3-Heptanone
(3) Methylcyclododecane
(4) Heptane, 2,2,4,6,6-
pentamethyl-
(5) Benzene, 1-methyl-4-
-(1-methylethyl)-
(6) Cyclohexane, 1,4-dimethyl-
(7) 3,5-Dimethylamphetamine
(8) Butanal, 3-methyl-
(9) 2-Hexene, trans-anti-1-methyl-
-decahydronaphthalene | [9, 15–18, 24] | | |
(1) Hydrogen peroxide**
(2) Nitric oxide*
(3) Carbon dioxide*
(4) Ammonia* | [10–13, 22, 23, 25]
|
| | Pulmonary cancer |
(1) 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene, 1,5,9-trimethyl-*
(2) Pentan-1,3-dioldiisobutyrate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-*
(3) Benzoic acid, 4-ethoxy-, ethyl ester*
(4) Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-
-methyl-1,3-propanediyl ester*
(5) 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz-(B,F)-azepine*
(6) 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-*
(7) Benzene, 1,1-oxybis-*
(8) Furan, 2,5-dimethyl-*
(9) 1,1-Biphenyl, 2,2-diethyl-*
(10) 3-Pentanone, 2,4-dimethyl-*
(11) trans-Caryophyllene*
(12) 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-*
(13) 1-Propanol*
(14) Decane, 4-methyl-*
(15) 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester*
(16) 2,4-Hexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-*
(17) Isoprene (1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-)*
(18) 2-Methylpentane*
(19) Pentane*
(20) Ethylbenzene*
(21) Xylenes*
(22) Trimethylbenzene*
(23) Toluene*
(24) Pentamethylheptane*
(25) Ethynylbenzene*
(26) Heptane, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl-*
(27) Heptane, 2-methyl-*
(28) Benzene, propyl-*
(29) Undecane*
(30) Cyclopentane, methyl-*
(31) Cyclopentane, 1-methyl-2-pentyl-*
(32) Methane, trichlorofluoro-*
(33) Benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl-*
(34) Octane, 3-methyl-*
(35) 1-Hexene*
(36) Nonane, 3-methyl-*
(37) 1-Heptene*
(38) Benzene, 1,4-dimethyl-*
(39) Heptane, 2,4-dimethyl-*
(40) Hexanal*
(41) Cyclohexane*
(42) Benzene, 1-methylethenyl-*
(43) Hepatanal*
(44) Styrene*
(45) Propyl benzene*
(46) 1,2,4-Trimethyl benzene*
(47) Heptanal*
(48) Methyl cyclopropane*
(49) Acetone*
(50) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha**
(51) Interleukin-2**
(52) Leptin**
(53) Deoxyribonucleic acid**
(54) Matrix metalloproteinase-9** | [26–34, 36–39]
| | |
Nitric oxide* | [27, 35] |
| | Respiratory infections/infestations | | | | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
(1) Hydrogen cyanide*
(2) Nitric oxide* | [43, 135] | | Staphylococcus aureus |
Nitric oxide* | [48] | | Bacterial |
(1) Nitric oxide*
(2) Carbon monoxide*
(3) Volatile fatty acids (BAL) | [44, 48–50, 54] | | Viral |
(1) Nitric oxide*
(2) Carbon monoxide* | [45–48] | | Parasitic |
Nitric oxide* | [48] | Streptococcal pneumoniae
Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus terreus
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus fumigatus
Fusarium species |
2-Pentylfuran* | [53] |
| | Primary ciliary dyskinesia |
Nitric oxide* | [57] |
| | Cystic fibrosis |
(1) Nitric oxide*
(2) Carbon monoxide*
(3) Hydrogen*
(4) Pentane*
(5) Ethane*
(6) Methane*
(7) Dimethyl sulphide*
(8) Toluene*
(9) 2-Propanol*
(10) 8-Isoprostane*, **
(11) Nitrite**
(12) Nitrate**
(13) Nitrotyrosine**
(14) S-Nitrosothiols**
(15) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha**
(16) Interferon-gamma**
(17) Interleukin-2**
(18) Interleukin-4**
(19) Interleukin-5**
(20) Interleukin-8**
(21) Interleukin-10** | [48, 57, 63, 107–123, 159, 160]
|
| | Asthma |
(1) Nitric oxide*
(2) Nitrite**
(3) Nitrate**
(4) 3-Nitrotyrosine**
(5) S-Nitrosothiols**
(6) Malondialdehyde**
(7) Carbon monoxide*
(8) Hydrogen peroxide**
(9) Ammonium ions**
(10) Leukotrienes B4**, C4**, D4**, E4**, F4**
(11) Cysteinyl leukotrienes**
(12) Thromboxane B2-L1**
(13) Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine**
(14) Eotaxin**
(15) Macrophage-derived chemokine**
(16) Pentane*
(17) Ethane*
(18) Isoprene*
(19) 8-Isoprostane*, **
(20) Calcium ions**
(21) Magnesium ions**
(22) Chlorine** | [57, 60–75, 78, 79, 89, 92, 93, 131–133, 159, 161, 162] |
| | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
(1) Nitric oxide*
(2) Nitrite**
(3) S-Nitrosothiols**
(4) Hydrogen peroxide**
(5) Carbon monoxide*
(6) Prostaglandin E2*, F2-alpha**
(7) Interleukin-1-beta**
(8) Interleukin-6**
(9) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha**
(10) Leukotriene B4**
(11) Cysteinyl leukotrienes**
(12) Malondialdehyde**
(13) Erythropoietin**
(14) Ethane*
(15) Isoprene*
(16) Pentane*
(17) 8-Isoprostane*,**
(18) Aluminum**
(19) Cadmium**
(20) Lead**
(21) Iron**
(22) Copper** | [8, 44, 57–60, 69–71, 74, 76, 80–84, 93–106, 159]
|
| Pneumonia
Bronchiectasis
Lung transplant rejection
Idiopathic pulmonary
fibrosis
Adult respiratory distress
syndrome
Inflammatory pulmonary
diseases |
(1) Nitric oxide*
(2) Nitrite**
(3) 3-Nitrotyrosine**
(4) Carbon monoxide*
(5) 8-Isoprostane**
(6) Pentane*
(7) Ethane*
(8) Hydrogen peroxide**
(9) Ammonia*
(10) Helium*
(11) Adenosine** | [44–127, 129, 158] |
| Obstructive sleep apnoea
with active inflammation |
(1) Nitric oxide*
(2) Pentane*
(3) Ethane* | [86] |
| Systemic sclerosis
Fibrosing alveolitis
Pulmonary sarcoidosis |
(1) Nitric oxide*
(2) Carbon monoxide*
(3) Ethane*
(4) Nitrite**
(5) Nitrate**
(6) Insulin-like growth factor 1**
(7) Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1**
(8) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha**
(9) Interleukin-6**
(10) Cysteinyl leukotrienes**
(11) Leukotriene B4**
(12) 8-Isop[rostane** | [128, 134–148] |
| | Asbestosis |
(1) Nitric oxide*
(2) 8-Isoprostane**
(3) Leukotriene B4** | [55, 56] |
| | Silicosis |
(1) 8-Isoprostane**
(2) Leukotriene D4** | [58] |
| Adult respiratory distress syndrome
Head injury |
(1) Nitric oxide*
(2) Pentane*
(3) Ethane*
(4) Isoprene*
(5) Acetone*
(6) Hydrogen peroxide** | [51, 124, 127, 153, 155–157] |
| | Pulmonary lobectomy |
(1) Hydrogen peroxide**
(2) Hydrogen ions**
(3) Leukotriene B4** | [158] |
|
|
