Biological Activities of Phosphocitrate: A Potential Meniscal Protective Agent

Table 1

Differentially expressed genes in PC-treated via untreated OA meniscal cells.

Biological; process	Gene; name	Gene ID	Differential; expression*	Description
Cell proliferation	BLM	NM_000057	−7.41	Bloom syndrome, RecQ helicase-like
	NDP	NM_000266	−4.68	Norrie disease (pseudoglioma)
	HELLS	AF155827	−4.46	Helicase, lymphoid specific
	E2F7	AI341146	−4.12	E2F transcription factor 7
	CDC7	NM_003503	−4.11	Cell division cycle 7 homolog (S. cerevisiae)
	CDCA7	AY029179	−2.71	Cell division cycle-associated 7
	CDC25C	NM_001790	−2.36	Cell division cycle 25 homolog C (S. pombe)
	BRCA1	AF005068	−3.60	Breast cancer 1, early onset
	BRCA2	X95152	−3.30	Breast cancer 2, early onset
	PRKRA	AA279462	−3.34	PKinase, interferon-indu double-stranded RNA-dependent activator
	HHIP	AK098525	−3.28	Hedgehog interacting protein
	CHEK1	AA224205	−3.11	CHK1 checkpoint homolog (S. pombe)
	PTPRK	AU145587	−3.08	Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, K
	GINS1	NM_021067	−3.07	GINS complex subunit 1 (Psf1 homolog)
	TCF19	BC002493	−2.93	Transcription factor 19
	MKI67	AU147044	−2.92	Antigen identified by monoclonal antibody Ki-67
	PDS5B	AK026889	−2.88	PDS5, regulator of cohesion maintenance, homolog B
	UHRF1	AK025578	−2.77	Ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 1
	AURKB	AB011446	−2.64	Aurora kinase B
	MKI67	AU132185	−2.64	Antigen identified by monoclonal antibody Ki-67
	FIGNL1	NM_022116	−2.62	Fidgetin-like 1
	KIF15	NM_020242	−2.60	Kinesin family member 15
	LRP6	NM_002336	−2.55	Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6
	ANXA1	AU155094	−2.47	Annexin A1
	DDX11	U33833	−2.47	DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 11
	FANCA	AW083279	−2.46	Fanconi anemia, complementation group A
	SPRY2	NM_005842	−2.43	Sprouty homolog 2 (Drosophila)
	RECQL4	NM_004260	−2.43	RecQ protein-like 4
	NTN1	BF591483	−2.42	Netrin 1
	ADRB2	NM_000024	−2.41	Adrenergic, beta-2, receptor, surface
	CUL4A	AU155661	−2.40	Cullin 4A
	DLC1	NM_024767	−2.39	Deleted in liver cancer 1
	STIL	NM_003035	−2.39	SCL/TAL1 interrupting locus
	CHEK1	NM_001274	−2.37	CHK1 checkpoint homolog (S. pombe)
	TIMELESS	NM_003920	−2.37	Timeless homolog (Drosophila)
	SMAD4	AL832789	−2.23	SMAD family member 4
	SMAD1	NM_015583	−2.19	SMAD family member 1
	PCNA	NM_002592	−2.18	Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
	PRKCD	NM_006254	−2.17	Protein kinase C, delta
	RBBP4	AI972451	−2.16	Retinoblastoma binding protein 4
	PTGS1	NM_000962	−2.13	Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1
	ASPM	NM_018123	−2.13	Abnormal spindle (asp) homolog, microcephaly associated
	GLMN	AA814383	−2.11	Glomulin, FKBP associated protein
	NASP	NM_002482	−2.11	Nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein (histone binding)
	CCNA2	NM_001237	−2.09	Cyclin A2
	TBX2	AW173045	−2.08	T-box 2
	KIF2C	U63743	−2.08	Kinesin family member 2C
	PDCD1LG2	AF329193	−2.06	Programmed cell death 1 ligand 2
	BUB1B	NM_001211	−2.05	Budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog beta (yeast)
	POLA1	NM_016937	−2.04	Polymerase (DNA directed), alpha 1, catalytic subunit
	TACC3	NM_006342	−2.02	Transforming, acidic coiled-coil containing protein 3
	CDK2	M68520	−2.01	Cyclin-dependent kinase 2
	DLX5	NM_005221	2.99	Distal-less homeobox 5
	VCAM1	NM_001078	2.88	Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
	ADORA1	NM_000674	2.48	Adenosine A1 receptor
	TNFRSF9	NM_001561	2.38	Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 9
	FGF9	NM_002010	2.38	Fibroblast growth factor 9 (glia-activating factor)
	FABP3	NM_004102	2.24	Fatty acid binding protein 3, muscle, and heart
	FGFR2	M87771	2.20	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2
	BAMBI	NM_012342	2.13	BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor homolog
	CD24	L33930	2.09	CD24 molecule
	HSF1	AI393937	2.07	Heat shock transcription factor 1
Ossification	COL13A1	M33653	−3.39	Collagen, type XIII, alpha 1
	SATB2	AK025127	−3.13	SATB homeobox 2
	ADRB2	NM_000024	−2.41	Adrenergic, beta-2, receptor, surface
	SMAD1	NM_015583	−2.19	SMAD family member 1
	ENPP1	BF591996	−2.02	Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1
	BMPR1B	AA935461	−1.93	Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IB
	NAB1	AF045452	−1.87	NGFI-A-binding protein 1 (EGR1-binding protein 1)
	GNAS	AA810695	−1.86	GNAS complex locus
	FGF18	BC006245	−1.73	Fibroblast growth factor 18
	TNFRSF11A	AW026379	−1.67	Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11a
	EGFR	K03193	−1.61	Epidermal growth factor receptor
	PLA2G4A	M68874	−1.61	Phospholipase A2, group IVA (cytosolic, calcium dependent)
	ANKH	T99215	−1.60	Ankylosis, progressive homolog (mouse)
	DLX5	NM_005221	2.99	Distal-less homeobox 5
	FGF9	NM_002010	2.38	Fibroblast growth factor 9 (glia-activating factor)
	IGFBP5	R73554	1.78	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5
	GABBR1	N45228	1.72	Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor, 1
	MMP14	NM_004995	1.72	Matrix metallopeptidase 14 (membrane inserted)
	TUFT1	NM_020127	1.66	Tuftelin 1
	COL1A1	AI743621	1.62	Collagen, type I, alpha 1
	MGP	NM_000900	1.61	Matrix Gla protein
	SMAD3	BF971416	1.60	SMAD family member 3
BMP signaling pathway	UBE2D3	AI239832	−2.44	Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 (UBC4/5 homolog, yeast)
	ZFYVE16	BC032227	−2.43	Zinc finger, FYVE domain containing 16
	SMAD4	AL832789	−2.23	SMAD family member 4
	SMAD1	NM_015583	−2.19	SMAD family member 1
	BMPR1B	AA935461	−1.93	Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IB
	HIPK2	AW300045	−1.91	Homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2
	MSX1	AI421295	−1.84	Msh homeobox 1
	GREM2	NM_022469	−1.73	Gremlin 2, cysteine knot superfamily, homolog (Xenopus laevis)
Prostaglandin metabolic process	PTGS1	NM_000962	−2.13	Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1
	AKR1C2	BF508244	−1.91	Aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C2
	PLA2G4A	M68874	−1.61	Phospholipase A2, group IVA (cytosolic, calcium dependent)
	PTGS2	NM_000963	−1.33	Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2
	PTGIS	D38145	1.79	Prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) synthase
	PDPN	AW590196	1.61	Podoplanin
Response to wounding	THBD	AW119113	−4.24	Thrombomodulin
	PLAT	NM_000930	−3.12	Plasminogen activator, tissue
	TFPI	J03225	−2.66	Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
	TFPI2	AL574096	−2.38	Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2
	SDC1	NM_002997	−2.38	Syndecan 1
	SMAD1	NM_015583	−2.19	SMAD family member 1
	PLAUR	AY029180	−1.94	Plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor
	TMPRSS6	AI912086	1.96	Transmembrane protease, serine 6
	JUB	NM_032876	1.92	Jub, ajuba homolog (Xenopus laevis)

∗Negative number indicates decreased expression and positive number indicates elevated expression (fold change) in PC-treated OA meniscal cells compared with untreated OA meniscal cells.