Abnormal Cell Responses and Role of TNF-𝜶 in Impaired Diabetic Wound Healing

Figure 2

Model of TNF-α on regulation of inflammation, immue response, migration, and differentiation. TNF-α induces cell apoptosis via caspase pathway, and it negatively regulates cell migration by increasing the level of Smad 7 and inhibiting the activation of the Smad 2/3. TNF-α also induces NF-κB activation to enhance inflammatory responses.