Disease Metabolite biomarker References Male infertility Citrate, lactate, and glycerylphosphorylcholine [23 , 24 ] Lung cancer Metabolites that are shown to have a statistically significant difference between healthy individuals and lung cancer patients were hippurate, trigonelline,
-hydroxyisovalerate,
-hydroxyisobutyrate, N-acetylglutamine, and creatinine [25 ] Alzheimer's disease Succinic anhydride, pyruvic acid, 2-aminopropanol, n,n-didemethylchlorpromazine, L-alanine n-butyl ester, L-glutamic acid dibutyl ester, L-dopa, taurine, creatine, creatinine, lactate,
-alanine, cysteine, fumaric acid, 2-octenedioic acid, and acetoacetic acid [26 , 27 ] Respiratory diseases Asthmatic children: acetate; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): leucine, lactate, propionate, acetate, and pyruvate [28 , 29 ] Huntington disease 3-Nitropropionic acid [30 ] Multiple sclerosis Elevated levels: 2-aminobutyrate, 1,3-dimethylurrate, glutamate, and acetate. Reduced levels: oxaloacetate, citrate, alanine, and 3-hydroxybutyrate. [31 ] Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) Significantly altered levels: glycine, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (18:2), and acetylcarnitine [32 ] Renal cell carcinoma Phospholipids, phenylalanine, tryptophan, acylcarnitines, cholesterol metabolites, and arachidonic acid metabolism [33 ] Colorectal cancer Acteylcarnine, phenylacetylglutamin, leucylproline, and aspartyllysine [34 ] Kidney cancer Quinolinate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and gentisate [34 ]
