Underestimating the Toxicological Challenges Associated with the Use of Herbal Medicinal Products in Developing Countries

Table 1

List of selected medicinal plants used as single herbs in developing countries.

Country	Family	Scientific name of plant	Vernacular name	Parts used	Local medicinal uses	Reported literature
Mauritius; Island	Rutaceae	Aegle marmelos	Bael	Fruit; Leaf	Gastrointestinal disorder; Diabetes	[7–10]
	Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum laurifolium	Bois de ronde		Diuretic, used against renal stores	[11, 12]
	Ebenaceae	Diospyros neraudii, Diospyros revaughanii, Diospyros tesselleria, Diospyros melanida	Ebène	Stem bark	Antibacterial,; antifungal,; antiviral, anthelminthic,; antiprotozoal, and; antimalarial	[11–13]
Reunion Island	Aphloiaceae	Aphloia theiformis	Change ecorce, Goyave marron	Leaf	Treat fever and antimalarial properties	[14]
	Asteraceae	Eupatorium triplinerve	Ayapana	Aerial parts
Madagascar Island	Acanthaceae	Justicia gendarussa	Ayapana marron	Aerial parts	Antimalarial properties	[15]
	Buddlejaceae	Nuxia sp.	Vlier	Leaf, bark
	Asteraceae	Psiadia sp.	Arina/Iary	Aerial parts
South Africa	Podocarpaceae	Podorcarpus sp.	Fern pine	Leaf; Stem	Fevers, asthma, cough, cholera, arthritis, rheumatism, painful joints	[16]
	Apocynaceae	Carissa edulis	Conkerberry	Root	Diarrhoea	[17]
East Africa	Rutaceae	Toddalia asiatica	Nyalwet-kwach/Kaule/Mdaka komba	Root, bark,; leaf, fruit	Malaria, cough, chest pain, sore throat	[18]
	Annonaceae	Uvaria scheffleri	Mguma	Root; Leaf	Antimalarial activities	[19]
North Africa	Apiaceae	Carum carvi	El-qarwiya; (Caraway)	Seed	Diabetes and hypertension	[20]
	Compositae	Artemisia herba-alba	Chih; (White mugwort)	Leaf, root
West; Africa	Annonaceae	Annickia chlorantha	Yellow Moambe	Stem Bark	Aches, wounds, boils, vomiting, fever, chills, sore, spleen in children, and hepatitis	[21]
		Anonidium mannii	Eborne Afan	Stem; Bark	Measles, diarrhea, enlarged spleen, fever, gonorrhoea, production of breast-milk
Northeast; India	Acanthaceae	Justicia adhatoda	Nongmangkha; angouba	Leaf; Fruit	Asthma	[22]
	Acoraceae	Acorus calamus	Ok hidak	Root; Leaf	Haemorrhoids
	Meliaceae	Aphanamixis polystachya	Heirangkhoi	Leaf	Asthma
South India	Euphorbiaceae	Acalypha indica	Kuppaimeni	Leaf	Bronchitis	[23]
	Amaranthaceae	Aerva lanata	Sirukanpeelai	Root	Diabetes
	Acanthaceae	Asystasia gangetica	Medday keerai	Whole plant	Rheumatism
China	Rosaceae	Agrimonia pilosa	Xian he cao	Whole plant	Anti-inflammatory, against worms	[24]
	Asteraceae	Erigeron breviscapus	Dengzhanxixin	Whole plant	Inflammation,; high blood pressure, and headache
	Geraniaceae	Geranium strictipes	Geshanxiao	Root	Gastrointestinal disorders