Mechanostimulation Protocols for Cardiac Tissue Engineering

Table 1

Bioreactor technology for cardiac tissue engineering.

Authors	Year	Cell source	Scaffold	Biophysical stimulus	Apparatus	Biological effects
Vandenburgh et al. [38]	1996	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	Collagen-coated silicon membranes	Unidirectional stretch	Mechanical cell stimulator	Increased foetal 𝛽- and adult 𝛼-MHC isoforms
Carrier et al. [40]	1999	Neonatal rat and embryonic chick cardiomyocytes	PGA	Perfusion by medium mixing	Rotating vessel microgravity bioreactor	Expression of cardiac-specific proteins and better ultrastructural organization
Fink et al. [41]	2000	Neonatal rat and embryonic chick cardiomyocytes	Collagen I	Unidirectional stretch	Custom stretching device	Improved organization of cardiomyocytes; hypertrophy
Akhyari et al. [42]	2002	Human heart cells (ventricular biopsy)	Gelfoam gelatine	Cyclic stretch	Biostretch	Enhancement of collagen matrix formation and organization
Zimmermann et al. [43]	2002	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	Collagen	Unidirectional cyclic stretch	Custom stretching device	Highly organized sarcomeres; adherens junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes; well-developed T-tubular network; contractile characteristics of native myocardium
Iijima et al. [44]	2003	Rat cardiomyocytes and skeletal myocytes	Collagen-coated silicon membranes	Cyclic stretch	Mechanical cell stimulator	Expression of cardiac-specific proteins: cardiac troponin T, cadherin, and connexin 43
Radisic et al. [45]	2004	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	Ultrafoam collagen	Perfusion	Custom device	Thick, compact, and contractile cardiac constructs; higher cell viability
Boublik et al. [46]	2005	Rat heart cells	Hyaluronan	Cyclic stretch	Biostretch	Hybrid cardiac constructs with mechanical properties suitable for in vitro loading studies and in vivo implantation
Feng et al. [47]	2005	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	Silicon membranes	Mechanical stretch (+ electric field stimulation)	Custom stretching device	In vitro simulation of the electrical and mechanical responses of the myocardium in vivo
Figallo et al. [48]	2007	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and human ESCs	Collagen-coated glass	Perfusion	Custom microarray (MBA)	Increased smooth muscle actin and cell density
Brown et al. [49]	2008	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	Ultrafoam collagen	Perfusion	Custom device	Enhancement of contractile properties
Gwak et al. [50]	2008	Mouse ESC-derived cardiomyocytes	PLCL and PLGA	Cyclic stretch	Custom device	Enhancement of cardiac-specific gene expression: 𝛼-MHC, 𝛼-actin
Shimko and Claycomb [51]	2008	Mouse ESC-derived cardiomyocytes	Collagen I/fibronectin	Unidirectional cyclic stretch	Custom stretching device	Increased gene expression at 3 Hz cyclical stretch
Ge et al. [52]	2009	Rat BM-MSCs	Silicon membrane	Biaxial mechanical stretch	Custom stretching device	Expression of 𝛼-actin, connexion 43, 𝛼-MHC, and troponin I
Barash et al. [53]	2010	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	Alginate	Perfusion (+ electric field stimulation)	Custom device	Promotion of cell elongation and striation and enhancement of the expression level of connexin-43
Hosseinkhani et al. [54]	2010	Rat CSCs	Collagen-PGA nanofibers	Perfusion	Custom device	Significant enhancement of cell proliferation
Salameh et al. [55]	2010	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	Gelatin-coated silicone membrane	Biaxial mechanical stretch	Flexcell Tension System FX-4000	Self-organization of cardiomyocytes, enhanced connexin-43 expression and distribution at the cell poles
Galie and Stegemann [56]	2011	Rat cardiac fibroblasts	Collagen hydrogel	Mechanical stretch and interstitial flow	Custom device	Cell viability
Hollweck et al. [57]	2011	Human UCMSCs	PTFE	Biaxial mechanical stretch	Custom device	Confluent cellular coating without damage on the cell surface
Kenar et al. [58]	2011	Human MSCs (Wharton’s Jelly)	PHBV-PLLA and PGS	Perfusion	Custom device	Enhanced cell viability, uniform cell distribution and alignment
Kensah et al. [59]	2011	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	Collagen I/Matrigel	Cyclic stretch and perfusion (+ electric field stimulation)	Custom device	Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, shift of myosin heavy chain expression from the alpha to beta isoform
Maul et al. [60]	2011	Rat MSCs	Collagen-coated silicon membranes	Biaxial mechanical stretch (∧) or laminar shear stress (*) or cyclic hydrostatic pressure (#)	(∧) Flexcell Tension System FX-4000 or (*) Streamer shear stress Flexcell device or (#) custom device	Systematic examination of the effects of mechanical stimulation on MSCs
Tulloch et al. [61]	2011	Human ESCs and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes	Collagen I	Cyclic stress	Flexcell Tension System FX-4000	Cardiomyocytes hypertrophy and proliferation
Govoni et al. [62]	2012	Rat MSCs	Hyaluronan	Unidirectional cyclic stretch	Custom device	Cell multilayer organization and invasion of the 3D mesh of the scaffold, muscle protein expression
Maidhof et al. [63]	2012	Rat heart cells	PGS	Perfusion (+ electric field stimulation)	Custom device	Improvement of DNA content, cell distribution throughout the scaffold thickness, cardiac protein expression, and cell morphology
Shachar et al. [64]	2012	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	RGD-attached alginate	Compression and shear stress	Custom device	Increased connexin-43, 𝛼-actin, and N-cadherin