Insight into Biological Apatite: Physiochemical Properties and Preparation Approaches

Table 3

Preparation of biological apatite with plasma ashing.

Authors	Raw material	Sample size	Pretreatment	Ashing time	Crystal
					Size	Morphology	Ca/P
Li et al. [63]	Goat bone powder		Degreasing in 2 : 1 chloroform and methanol mixture	15 h or more	8–10 nm in width	Plate-, rod-, needle-like
Kuhn et al. [15]	Bovine tibia and femur	<75 𝜇m	Degreasing in 2 : 1 chloroform and methanol mixture	40 days			1.51 (younger cancellous bone); 1.61 (younger cortical bone); 1.58 (older cancellous bone); 1.64 (older cortical bone)
Kim et al. [39]	Chicken bone		Treated with hydrazine (10 mg/10 mL) for 12–24 h	15 h or more	103 nm (length); 68 nm (width)	Thin, wide, and relatively long rectangular plates
Kim et al. [13]	Chicken, mouse, fish, and bovine bones	75–150 𝜇m	Extraction three times for 3 h at 4°C with chloroform and methanol mixture (2 : 1)	15 h or more	Bovine bone: 27.3 nm (length); 15.8 nm (width); Mouse: 21.2 nm (length); 12.0 nm (width); Chicken: 23.3 nm (length); 12.2 nm (width); Fish: 37.3 nm (length); 15.4 nm (width)	Thin plates	1.63 (bovine bone)
Tong et al. [18]	Bovine cortical bone	75–150 μm	Extraction three times for 3 h at 4°C with chloroform and methanol mixture (2 : 1)	15 h or more	9±3 nm (length); 6±2 nm (width); 2.0±1.2 nm (thickness)	Small platelets
Eppell et al. [9]	Bovine cortical bone	75–150 𝜇m	Extraction three times for 3 h at 4°C with chloroform and methanol mixture (2 : 1)	15 h or more	12±2 nm (length); 10±2 nm (width); 0.61±0.19 nm (thickness)	Plate-like