Development of a Detailed Volumetric Finite Element Model of the Spine to Simulate Surgical Correction of Spinal Deformities

Table 1

Published in vivo, ex vivo, and in silico values of intervertebral disc stresses.

Author	Method	Disc Location	Disc Section	Mean stress (MPa)
Adams 1996 [23]	Ex  vivo	L4-5	Nucleus	1.6
			Anterior	2
			Posterior	2.6
Wilke 1999 [24]	In  vivo sanding	L4-5	Nucleus	0.5
Schultz 1982 [25]	In  vivo sanding	L4-5	Nucleus	0.27
Nachemson 1965 [26]	In  vivo standing	L4-5	Nucleus	0.87
Andersson 1974 [27]	Computational	L4-5	Nucleus	0.3–0.5
Meir 2007 [28]	In  vivo lateral	Apex	Concave	0.8–0.4
			Convex	0.15
Sato 1999 [29]	In  vivo prone	L4-5	Nucleus	0.15
Shrzypiec 2007 [30]	Ex  vivo	C7-T1	Nucleus	1
			Anterior	1.35
			Posterior	1.1
Steffen 1998 [31]	Ex  vivo	L3-4	Nucleus	0.8
Schroeder 2006 [32]	FEM	L4-5	Nucleus	0.6–0.85
			Anterior	0.6–1
			Posterior	0.8–1.2
Current Study	FEM	T1–T3	Average	0.59
		T6–T9		2.56
		L1–L5		0.81