Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alphavirus-Induced Arthritis

Table 1

Occurrence and geographic distribution of arthritogenic alphaviruses.

Virus	First description	Geographic distribution	Occurrence	References
RRV	1928, in New South Wales, Australia	Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and the South Pacific Islands	Endemic in Australia and Papua New Guinea, annual epidemics in Australia (~4,000 cases per year).; Major epidemics: ~60,000 cases in 1979 in Pacific Islands; ~8,000 cases in 1996 in Australia	[2, 4, 23]
SINV	1952, in Sindbis village, near Cairo, Egypt	Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania.	Endemic in North Europe; Outbreaks in Finland, Norway, Sweden and Russia (late summer or early autumn)	[2, 4, 21]
CHIKV	1952, in Newala, Tanzania	Africa and Asia (documented cases in Europe, USA, and Oceania)	Sporadic epidemics in Africa and Asia, imported cases reported in Europe and USA.; Major epidemics: ~300,000 cases in 2006-2006 in La Réunion (French Indian Ocean territory); ~1.4–6.5 million cases in 2006-2007 in India	[4, 59, 60]
MAYV	1954, in Trinidad and Tobago	Northern South America	Endemic in tropical regions of South America; Sporadic outbreaks Pan-Amazonia forest regions	[4, 8, 19]
ONNV	1959, in northern Uganda	Africa	Rare epidemics in Africa (disappeared for 35 years from 1961 to 1996); ~2 million cases in 1959–1961 in East Africa	[2, 4]
BFV	1974, in the Barmah Forest, Australia	Australia	Annual epidemics in Australia (~1,000 cases per year)	[4, 25]