Evaluation of Anti-Candida Activity of Vitis vinifera L. Seed Extracts Obtained from Wine and Table Cultivars

Table 4

Antifungal activity against Candida albicans reference strains of GSEs obtained from selected cultivars of Vitis vinifera L. harvested in 2011 and cultured under controlled agronomic conditions.

Candida  albicans	M. PalieriV2N1		M. PalieriV1N1		RedGlobeV2N1		RedGlobeV1N1		ItaliaV2N2		ItaliaV1N2		Fluconazole
	MIC	MIC90	MIC	MIC90	MIC	MIC90	MIC	MIC90	MIC	MIC90	MIC	MIC90	MIC	MIC90
ATCC90028	8	16	8	16	4	16	8	32	4	16	8	16	0.5	8
ATCC3153	16	32	16	32	8	32	16	32	8	16	4	16	16	32
ATCC10261	16	32	16	32	8	32	8	16	8	16	8	16	4	32
ATCC10231	8	16	16	16	8	16	16	32	4	16	8	16	2	32
ATCC24433	16	32	16	32	8	16	16	32	8	16	4	16	1	16
GM	12.12	22.11	14.59	23.16	6.96	23.16	12.13	29.17	6.06	17.55	5.66	19.24	3.03	25.6
Range	8–32	32–16	8–32	16–64	4–16	16–64	8–16	16–64	4–8	8–32	4–8	8–32	0.5–16	8–32

The values are expressed in mg/L as median of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined using Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) protocol M27-A3. GM: geometrical mean of minimum inhibitory concentration. MIC₉₀: lowest drug concentration that prevented 90% of growth with respect to the untreated control.