Assessment of Food Processing and Pharmaceutical Industrial Wastes as Potential Biosorbents: A Review

Table 1

Summary of the different industrial food processing and pharmaceutical waste biosorbents; their sources, applications, and the relevant biosorption parameters.

Type of biosorbent	Source of biosorbent	Feed solution	Sorbate	pH	Contact time, min	Temperature, °C	Initial concentration of sorbate, mg/L	Mode of operation	Maximum; %removal	Biosorbent dose	Reference
Spent brewery grains (SBG)	Mohan breweries and distilleries Limited, Chennai, India	Synthetic dye solution	AG25 acid dye of commercial name Alizarin Cyanin Green G	3.0	75	30	90	Batch	98	0.2	[70]
Tea industry waste	Local tea factory in China	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cd(II)	7.0	180	25	20	Batch	90	5	[72]
Exhausted coffee waste	Soluble coffee manufacturer, Catalonia, Spain	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cr(VI); Cu(II); Ni(II)	3.0	8640	25	1000	Batch	—	6.67	[77]
Sugarcane bagasse waste	From local alcohol and sugar	Aqueous synthetic  solution	Methylene Blue (MB)	7.0	600	25	200	Batch	—	0.2	[78]
	Industries, City of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil		Gentian Violet		900		300
Wine processing waste sludge (WPWS)	Ilan Wine-Processing Company, Ilan, Taiwan	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cr(III, IV)	2.0	240	30	100	Batch	36	10	[73]
Wine processing waste sludge (WPWS)	Ilan; Wine-Processing Co., Ilan, Taiwan	Aqueous synthetic solution	Ni(II)	5.5	120	50	30	Batch	75	12	[76]
Grape bagasse waste residue	Wine production process, Styria region, Austria	Effluent from research laboratory	Cd(II); Pb(II)	7.0; 3.0	45	25	100	Batch	—	0.67	[79]
Waste beer yeast	Aoke Beer Company in Zhengzhou, Henan province, China	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cu(II); Pb(II)	5.0	30	20	9.14; 32.23	Batch	—	—	[69]
Waste beer yeast Saccharomyces  cerevisiae	Beer fermentation industry, brewery located near Chennai, India	Electroplating effluents	Cr(VI)	5.0	120	—	—	Batch	—	0.02	[74]
Suspended brewery yeast waste biomass; (SBW)	Brewery waste biomass collected from CIUC brewery, Miercurea-Ciuc, Romania	Synthetic aqueous solution	Cd(II)	5.5	40	50	6	Batch	99.83	9.78	[80]
Beer brewery diatomite waste (SDE)	Shan-Hua factory, Tobacco and Liquor Co., TainanTaiwan	Synthetic aqueous solution; Industrial wastewater from local factory	Methylene Blue (MB) basic dye	7.0	1440	25	2.5	Batch	—	0.25	[81]
Spent waste beer yeast; Saccharomyces  cerevisiae	Fermentor at a brewery, Chennai, India	Battery manufacturing industrial effluent	Pb(II)	5.0	120	30	100	Batch	—	—	[82]
Fresh malted sorghum mash waste	local malted sorghum beer (pito) brewer at Navrongo, Ghana	Synthetic aqueous solution	Methylene Blue (MB) basic dye	7.0	18	33±1	50	Batch	>90	4	[83]
Waste biomass from sugarcane aguardente	Brazilian alcoholic beverage production, (Lapinha, Bocaiana, Germana and Taboroa) State of Minas Gerais, Brazil	Stainless steel effluent	Cr(VI); Fe(III); Ni(II)	4.0	180	25	50; 660; 20	Batch	70; 50; 20	1	[75]
Waste biomass Cachaça Brazilian alcoholic beverage	the stillage generated by a liquor distillery (Germana), Minas Gerais, Brazil	Stainless steel industrial effluent from Acesita Co., Brazil	Fe(III); Ni(II); Cr(VI)	4.0	180	25	7.8; 2.7; 600	Batch	94; 57; 25	2	[71]
Rhizopus oligosporus biomass	Food processing wastewaters	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cu(II)	5.0	120	30	100	Batch	70	1	[85]
Waste biomass of Phaseolus  vulgaris  L.	A residual biomass of a canned food factory in Bartin, Turkey	Aqueous synthetic solution	Pb(II)	5.0	20	20	100	Batch	92	4	[84]
Waste biomass of Phaseolus  vulgaris  L.	A residual biomass of a local canned food plant, Turkey	Aqueous synthetic solution	Textile Reactive Red dye (RR 198)	2.0	20	20	100–300	Batch	99.3	1.6	[86]
Cupuassu shell, Theobroma  grandiflorum, (CS)	Food residue from jelly industry, Belém-PA, Brazil	Aqueous synthetic solution	Reactive Red dye (RR 194)	2.0	480	25	50	Batch	—	2.5	[87]
			Direct Blue 53		1080
Okra food industrial waste	Food waste from food canning processes	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cd(II); Fe(II); Zn(II)	—	90	—	20	Batch	96.4; 93.8; 79.8	1	[88]
Sugar industrial waste (bagasse waste)	Obtained from food canning processes	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cd(II); Fe(II)	—	90	—	20	Batch	96.4; 93.8	1	[89]
Pineapple peel, an agricultural effluent	Food can processing industries	Aqueous synthetic solution	Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye	6.0	400	30	300	Batch	47	1.5	[91]
Waste baker’s yeast biomass	Pakmaya Yeast Company, Izmir, Turkey	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cd(II); Pb(II)	6.0; 5.0	180	30	25	Batch	60; 70	1	[131]
Desiccated coconut waste sorbent (DCWS)	By-product of Coconut Milk Processing	Aqueous synthetic solution	Hg(II)	7.4	2880; 400	30	50; 100	Batch Column	—	1; 𝐹 = 4 mL/min	[100]
Pecan nut shells (C. illinoinensis) biomass	Biomass from food factories, Nuevo Leon, Mexico	Aqueous synthetic solution	Acid Blue 74 (AB74)	6.5	500	30	100	Batch; Column	—	10; 𝐹=3 mL/min	[132]
			Reactive Blue 4 (RB4)		1000
			Acid Blue 25 (AB25)		500
Orange peel	Solid waste from local fruit juice industries, Egypt	Aqueous synthetic solution	Pb(II); Cu(II); Cd(II)	5.0	30	25	20	Batch	99.5; 89.57; 81.03	4	[101]
Orange (Citrus sinensis) waste	Agrumexport, S.L., an orange juice manufacturing company; located in Murcia, Spain	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cr(III)	4.0; 4.0	4320; 1523	25; 25	100; 20	Batch Column	81; 57.5	4	[102]
Pectin-rich fruit wastes	Residues from fruit juice and wine production, from a citrus-juice producer (Sunkist), USA	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cd(II)	5.0	50	—	60	Batch	46	2	[133]
Orange waste	From orange juice industry, Spain	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cd(II)	6.0	60	25	100	Batch	98	4	[94]
Orange waste	From orange juice industry, Spain	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cd(II); Zn(II); Cr(III)	4.0	180; 180; 4320	20	15; 15; 15	Batch	86; 90; 95	4	[95]
Peach and Apricot stones	Solid wastes of juice and jam industries, Egypt	Aqueous synthetic solution	Pb(II)	7.0	180; 300	—	54.65	Batch	97.64; 95.3	10	[97]
Mangifera  indica (mango) seed kernel particles	Local juice manufacturing industry	Aqueous synthetic solution	Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye	8.0	120	30	100	Batch	96.17	0.67	[98]
Mango seeds (MS) Mangifera  indica  L.	Juice producer, Ubá-MG, Brazil	Aqueous synthetic solution	Victazol Orange 3R dye (VO-3R)	2.0	360	25	40	Batch	—	2.5	[99]
Waste cider yeast; biomass	Fermentation Lab at the College of Food Science and Engineering of Northwest A & F University (Yangling, China)	Apple juice solution	Patulin (PAT)	4.5	2160	25	0.1; 0.2	Batch Column	58.29	5; 𝐹 = 2 mL/min	[117]
Dairy sludge	Dairy plant, France	Aqueous synthetic solution	Pb(II); Cd(II)	5.0	500	20	200; 100	Batch	>90	0.5–4.0	[129]
The waste pomace of olive oil factory (WPOOF)	Turkish; Prina, Aegean region, Manisa, Turkey	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cr(VI)	2.0	120	60	50; 100	Batch Column	100; 21.74	5; 𝐹 = 5 mL/min	[101]
Solid waste from; olive oil production	The OS and OMS wastes were provided by the “Cooperativa Nuestra Se^∼nora desl Castillo” extraction plant located in Vilches, in the province of Jaen (Spain)	Aqueous synthetic solution	Pb(II)	5.0	120	25	—	Batch	—	10	[102]
Olive mill waste (OMW) two-phase decanter	Mixture of pulp and olive; stones from the crushing of olives to obtain the oil, UK	Aqueous synthetic solution	Pb(II); Cd(II); Cu(II); Hg(II); Fe(II)	7.0	30	20	10	Batch	80; 75	10	[103]
Olive mill residues (OMR)	Solid residues of oil production, provided by an olive mill in Abruzzo, Italy.	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cu(II)	5.5; 4-5	150–1440	Room temperature	40; 40	Batch Column	60%; —	10; 80	[104]
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) sludge	Waste sludge from palm oil mill, Felda Taib Andak, Johor, Malaysia	Aqueous synthetic solution	Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye	7.5	4320	27	100	Batch	—	2	[111]
Sunflower oil; Waste biomass	Biomass obtained from a sunflower oil production; Facility, Seville, Spain	Aqueous synthetic solution; (mixed solution)	Pb(II); Ni(II); Zn(II); Cu(II)	4.0	—	—	10	Column	—	𝐹=2 L/h	[112]
Crushed olive stone wastes	Supplied by an olive oil; Producer, Cordoba, Spain	Aqueous; synthetic; solution	Pb(II); Ni(II); Cu(II); Cd(II)	5.5	60	20	18.86; 4.20; 4.35; 4.80	Batch	79; 70; 81; 95	13.3	[105]
Waste olive cake (OC)	Supplied by “ProBeira” an olive oil producer, Envendos Portugal	Aqueous; synthetic; solution	Zn(II)	6.0-7.0	120	25	10	Batch	93	1	[108]
Olive stones	From the orujo oil extraction plant ‘‘Orujera; Ubetense, Sociedad Cooperativa Andaluza,’’ Jaen, Spain	Aqueous; synthetic; Solution	Cd(II)	11	360	40	10	Batch	90	0.01	[106]
Olive pomace	Supplied by an Italian olive oil production; plant	Aqueous; synthetic; Solution	Cu(II); Cd(II); Pb(II)	5.0	60	—	—	Batch	—	10	[107]
Olive pomace	Supplied by one of the olive oil production; Plants, Jordan	Aqueous; synthetic; Solution	Methylene Blue (MB) dye	—	240	25	10; 40	Batch Column	80; 62.25	2; 𝐹=20 mL/min	[109]
Olive pomace; OP-1; OP-2; OP-3	Solid by-products of olive oil processing mills, the island of Lesvos, Greece.	Oil mill waste water (OMWW)	Phenol	10.0	120	20	50; 500	Batch Column	>90; 90	10; 𝐹=1 mL/min	[110]
Activated carbon derived from exhausted olive waste cake	Olive waste cake from oil factory “Agrozitex” Sfax, Tunisia	Synthetic aqueous solution; Industrial wastewater from local factory	Lanaset Grey G	6.0	3000	25	150	Batch	93	1.67	[113]
Activated carbon derived from empty fruit bunch (EFB)	Industrial waste from united palm oil mill, Nibong, Tebal, Malaysia	Synthetic aqueous solution	Methylene Blue dye (MB)	12	—	30	200	Batch	—	1	[114]
Activated carbon from tea industry waste (TIWAC)	Tea waste from tea processing plant, Black Sea region, Trabzon, Turkey	Real water samples	Cr(VI); Cr(III)	6.0	30	—	0.2	Batch	0; 95–100	2	[115]
Activated carbon from sago waste	Sago waste is collected from sago industry, Salem district, Tamilnadu, India	Synthetic aqueous solution; Industrial wastewater from radiator industry	Pb(II)	3.5±0.3	180	27	10	Batch	87.34	2	[116]
Phaseolus  vulgaris  L.	Canned food factory	Aqueous synthetic solution	Acid Red 57 dye	2.0	20	20	150	Batch	—	1.6	[91]
			Textile wastewater				1 (spiked wastewater sample)		97.68
Industrial fungi Penicillium oxalicum var. Armeniaca	Ascolor Biotec (Pardubice, Czech Republic); and Ivax Pharmaceuticals (Opava, Czech Republic)	Aqueous synthetic solution	Pb(II); Hg(II); Cd(II)	5.0	—	20	10; 50; 50	Batch	Up to 85 for Hg	0.3	[118]
Fruit waste macrofungi Flammulina  velutipes	Mushroom processing factory	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cd(II); Pb(II)	6.0	60	25	10	Batch	75; 70	18	[130]
Tolypocladium sp.	Czech Industrial Partners	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cd(II); Pb(II); Hg(II)	5.0	20	—	50	Batch	—	0.3	[118]
Antibiotic waste P. mutilus	SAIDAL antibiotic; production complex at Medea (Algeria)	Aqueous synthetic solution	Basic Blue 41, cationic dye	8.0-9.0	60	30	50	Batch	75	0.5	[119]
Industrial waste of Clitopilus  scyphoides (Pleurotus  mutilus) fungal biomass	Antibiotic; production plant, SAIDAL antibiotic; production complex in Médéa (Algeria)	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cd(II)	5.0	15	20	200	Batch	41	1	[120]
Fungal waste biomass	Pharmaceutical companies, Italy	Textile wastewater effluents	Dye mixtures	3.0	30	25	60–5000	Batch	90	16.7	[121]
Nonliving biomass Aspergillus  fumigatus	Fermentation industry, Artemis Pharmaceuticals Limited, HAD, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India	Aqueous synthetic solution	perse; mixture; Cu(II); Cd(II); Co(II); Ni(II)	7.0	60	—	4.8; 2.9; 4.8; 2.7; 2.8	Batch	70; 90	20; 8	[122]
Nonliving biomass Aspergillus  awamori	Industrial complex enzyme preparation	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cr(VI)	2.0	40	1152	25	Batch	87	1	[124]
Nonliving biomass Aspergillus  awamori	Industrial complex enzyme preparation	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cu(II)	5.0	20	180	100	Batch	—	1	[125]
Corynebacterium; glutamicum	Fermentation industry; (BASF-Korea)	Aqueous synthetic solution	Reactive Black 5 (RB5)	1.0	35	500	500	Batch	—	2.5	[127]
Activated carbon from antibiotic waste	Industrial antibiotic production	Aqueous synthetic solution	Hg(II)	5.5	—	30	40	Batch	—	0.2	[126]
Fennel biomass (Foeniculum  vulgare)	Medical herb, local Unani medicine manufacturing unit at Aligarh, India	Aqueous synthetic solution	Cd(II); Mixture; Cd(II); Ni(II); Zn(II); Cu(II)	4.3	50; 50 each	50	100	Batch Column	92; 97	10; 𝐹=1 mL/min	[123]