[Retracted] Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Novel Molecular Targets in Carcinogenesis for Future Therapies

Table 2

Targeting signaling in the treatment of HCC and phases of trials.

	Model of action	Target	Phases	Trials (n.)	State of trials
Multikinase inhibitors
Sorafenib	TKI	VEGFR-2/-3, PDGFR-beta, Raf-1, B-Raf, Flt-3, cKIT, and RET	1, 1-2, 2, 3, 4	65	Closed
Sunitinib	TKI	VEGFR-1/-2, PDGFR-alpha, -beta, Flt-3, cKIT, and RET	2, 3	6	Closed
Linifanib	TKI	VEGFR and PDGFR family	2, 3	2	On-going
Cabozantinib	TKI	VEGFR2	1, 2	2	On-going
MET inhibitors
Tivantinib	Inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in HCC c-MET positive	c-MET/HGF	1, 2, 3	4	On-going
Cabozantinib	Inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in HCC c-MET positive	c-MET	1, 2	2	On-going
Antiangiogenic agents
Bevacizumab	MAB	VEGF	1, 1-2, 2	20	Closed
Brivanib	MAB	FGF and VEGF	1, 2, 3	6	On-going
Ramucirumab	MAB	VEGFR-2	3	1	On-going
mTOR inhibitors
Everolimus	Inhibits cell replication	mTOR	3	1	Closed
Temsirolimus (+bevacizumab)	Inhibits cell replication	mTOR	2	2	Closed
Temsirolimus (+sorafenib)	Inhibits cell replication	mTOR	2	2	On-going

HGF = hepatocyte growth factor; FGF = fibroblast growth factor; MAB = monoclonal antibody; PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor; PDGF(R) = platelet-derived growth factor receptor; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor; and VEGF(R) = vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.