Recent Advances in Polyamine Metabolism and Abiotic Stress Tolerance

Figure 1

Polyamine biosynthetic pathway with special reference to plants. ADC: arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.9); AdoMetDC: S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.4.50); AIH: agmatine iminohydrolase (EC 3.5.3.12); CPA: N-carbamoylputrescine amidohydrolase (EC 3.5.1.53); MAT: S-adenosylmethionine synthetase or methionine adenosyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.6); ODC: ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17); SPDS: spermidine synthase (EC 2.5.1.16); SPMS: spermine synthase (EC 2.5.1.22); and TSPMS: thermospermine synthase (EC 2.5.1.79).