The Impact of Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Wheezing and Overweight in 4–6-Year-Old Children

Table 3

Association of maternal education level, second-hand tobacco smoke (STS), and wheezing in 4–6-year-old children with reference to well-educated nonexposed to tobacco smoke mothers.

Maternal education level and smoking	Wheezing cases; 𝑁 (%)	Adjusted risk of wheezing*; aOR (95% CI)
Mother nonsmoker
High and no STS**	72 (8.9%)	1 (reference)
High and STS	37 (11.6%)	1.32 (0.86–2.02)
Low and STS	41 (16.5%)	1.96 (1.28–2.98)
Mother smoker
High and no STS**	72 (8.9%)	1 (reference)
High and STS	7 (12.7%)	1.26 (0.54–2.93)
Low and STS	11 (19.0%)	2.12 (1.04–4.35)

∗Results of multivariate logistic regression models are presented as associations of wheezing odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals adjusting for first-year postnatal antibiotic use, low birth weight, and child parity. **Reference category is high educated, nonsmokers, and nonexposed to second-hand tobacco smoke (STS) mothers. SES-specific STS effect on children wheezing is presented in nonsmoker mothers and smoker mothers by educational level.