The Impact of Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Wheezing and Overweight in 4–6-Year-Old Children

Table 4

Association of maternal education level, second-hand tobacco smoke (STS), and overweight in 4–6-year-old children with reference to well-educated nonexposed to tobacco smoke mothers.

Maternal education level and smoking	Overweight cases; 𝑁 (%)	Adjusted risk of overweight*; aOR (95% CI)
Mother nonsmoker
High and no STS**	53 (6.6%)	1 (reference)
High and STS	17 (5.3%)	0.80 (0.46–1.41)
Low and STS	24 (9.6%)	1.40 (0.84–2.34)
Mother smoker
High and no STS**	53 (6.6%)	1 (reference)
High and STS	5 (9.1%)	1.29 (0.49–3.41)
Low and STS	12 (20.7%)	3.57 (1.76–7.21)

∗Results of stratified multivariate logistic regression models are presented as associations of overweight odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals adjusting for first-year postnatal antibiotic use, low birth weight, and time spent at the computer. **Reference category is high educated, nonsmokers, and nonexposed to second-hand tobacco smoke (STS) mothers. SES-specific STS effect on overweight is presented in nonsmoker mothers and smoker mothers by educational level.