Analysis of Asymmetry of the Forces Applied on the Lower Limb in Subjects with Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain

Table 2

Inclusion and exclusion criteria for patients who participated in the study.

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Female; Age: 25–55 years; Pain group: (i) History of NSCLBP ≥6-month duration; (ii) Without peripheral pain referral; (iii) Pain in the area from T12 to gluteal folds; (iv) Moderate ongoing LBP; (a) Average daily pain level—VAS > 2/10; (b) Experienced most days of the week; (v) Mechanically induced localized LBP; Control group: No history of spinal pain

(i) Specific diagnosis associated with LBP such as spondylolisthesis, disc prolapse, and inflammatory disorders; (ii) Presence of other conditions affecting the spine including neurological or metastatic disease; (iii) Any neurological deficit; (iv) Any surgery involving the lumbar spine; (v) Any diagnosed pelvic or abdominal pain disorder in the last 12 months; (vi) Pregnancy or being less than six months after partum; (vii) Any lower limb surgery in the last 2 years; (viii) Current lower limb injury; (ix) An inability to understand written or spoken Persian