Walking Recovery after a Hip Fracture: A Prospective Follow-Up Study among Community-Dwelling over 60-Year Old Men and Women

Table 1

Characteristics of participants by walking trajectories in  walking  outdoors  (𝑛, mean ± SD, median 𝑃 value/𝑛 (%), 𝜒²  𝑃 value) and binary logistic regression model for statistically significant variables as a predictor for catastrophic trajectory.

	Trajectory					Binary logistic regression
	No-to-minor-difficulty 𝑛=50		Catastrophic 𝑛=31		𝑃 value	Model I^e	Model II^f
	𝑛		𝑛			OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Demographic and  prefracture information
Age	50	78.6±7.2	31	82.2±6.5	0.362
Women (%)	50	42 (84)	31	21 (68)	0.087
Body height (cm)	50	160.9±8.3	30	160.1±10.0	0.489
Body weight (kg)	50	65.9±11.6	31	65.6±11.5	1
Number of chronic diseases	50	3.0±1.7	31	3.8±1.7	0.343
Osteoarthritis	50	5 (10)	31	5 (16)	0.415
Osteoporosis	50	4 (8)	31	6 (19)	0.131
Diabetes	50	4 (8)	31	5 (16)	0.258
Walking aid outdoors before fracture (%)	46	16 (35)	30	23 (77)	<0.001	6.55 (2.05–20.96)	7.91 (2.20–28.51)
Falling indoors, year before the fracture	49	8 (16)	31	12 (39)	0.024	4.19 (1.32–13.32)	3.74 (1.04–13.51)
Falling outdoors, year before the fracture	49	16 (33)	31	12 (39)	0.580
C-statistic of the model							0.82
Hospital  information
Collum fracture, S72.0 (%)	50	31 (62)	31	21 (68)	0.600
Type of surgery (%)	50		31		0.338
Fixation		24 (48)		14 (45)
Hemiarthroplasty		18 (36)		15 (48)
Total hip replacement		8 (16)		2 (6)
Lowest haemoglobin after surgery (g/L)	48	98.8±12.6	29	96.0±14.7	0.356
Time from fracture to surgery (days)	50	3.1±5.3	31	2.1±1.9	0.821
Information at discharge
Difficulties in walking at the ward (%)	44	3 (7)	30	2 (7)	0.980
Offending pain at discharge (%)	43	12 (28)	28	17 (61)	0.006	5.97 (1.89–18.89)	5.66 (1.70–18.82)
Duration  of inpatient period (days)	50	𝟏𝟖±𝟏𝟐	31	𝟐𝟗±𝟏𝟖	0.006	1.05 (1.01–1.09)	1.04 (1.00–1.09)
C-statistic of the model							0.79
Information 6 weeks after the discharge
Prescribed pain medication	50	27 (54)	31	23 (74)	0.069
Lower body pain (VAS)^d	50	𝟔𝟗.𝟗±𝟕𝟕.𝟗	30	𝟏𝟔𝟗.𝟖±𝟏𝟒𝟖.𝟐	0.002	1.09 (1.04–1.15)g	1.10 (1.03–1.17)g
Functional balance (score)^c	48	𝟒𝟓.𝟑±𝟔.𝟐	30	𝟑𝟔.𝟗±𝟏𝟏.𝟓	0.002	0.89 (0.82–0.96)	0.93 (0.85–1.02)
Knee extension force, nonfractured side (N)	49	𝟐𝟒𝟗.𝟔±𝟗𝟏.𝟐	29	𝟐𝟎𝟖.𝟐±𝟕𝟕.𝟖	0.029a	0.92 (0.85–0.98)g	0.93 (0.84–1.02)^g
Knee extension force, fractured side (N)	46	187.5±73.2	28	157.2±67.9	0.059a
Handgrip force (N)	49	205.7±84.2	30	183.2±79.2	0.359
Time  in home-dwelling (days)	50	41.3±13.3	31	43.3±33.1	0.067
C-statistic of the model							0.86

^a𝑃 value is adjusted with the body weight using marginal means.
^bADL: activities of daily living.
^cBBS: range 0–56.
^dVAS: range 0–600.
^eModel I: OR for prediction in logistic regression for statistically significant variables adjusted for age and gender.
^fModel II: OR for prediction in logistic regression for all statistically significant variables from Model I in one time point, adjusted for age and gender.
^gVAS and knee extension force were divided by 10 for the regression analysis.
Statistically significantly different values between the study groups are bolded and 𝑃 values are in italic.