Emerging Urinary Markers of Renal Injury in Obstructive Nephropathy

Figure 2

Autocrine-reinforcing loops amplifying angiotensin II (ANG II) and tumor necrosis factor-𝛼 (TNF-𝛼) signalling. NF-kB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.