Patients with Poor Response to Antipsychotics Have a More Severe Pattern of Frontal Atrophy: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study of Treatment Resistance in Schizophrenia

Table 1

Demographic and clinical data.

		Age	DD	AAO	Antipsychotics*	E-BPRS	BPRS-PS	BPRS-NS
NV; (𝑛=16)	Mean	35.2	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
	SD	11.3	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
	Median	35.8	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
	Min.	21.1	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
	Max.	57.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Resp-SC; (𝑛=15)	Mean	33.5	11.1	22.3	310.6^§	26.9^§	5.7^§	3.3^§
	SD	11.2	9.6	9.4	300	3.8	1.2	0.6
	Median	28.8	8	20.2	239.9	25	5	3
	Min.	20.5	1	12.5	60	24	5	3
	Max.	54.6	30	48.5	1008	35	9	5
NonResp-SC; (𝑛=20)	Mean	33.1	13.0	20.1	591.4	73.3	23.05	8.55
	SD	7.6	6.8	3.2	525	9.2	4.3	3.3
	Median	33.8	13	20.1	331.3	76.5	24.5	8.5
	Min.	19.2	1	14.2	120	49	11	4
	Max.	51.7	30	26.6	1350	86	28	17

DD: Disease Duration (years).
AAO: Age at onset (years).
E-BPRS: Expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, version 4.0.
BPRS-PS: BPRS Positive Symptoms.
BPRS-NS: BPRS Negative Symptoms.
n/a: not applicable.
*Current daily dose of antipsychotics converted in mg equivalents of chlorpromazine [23].
§Significatly different between Resp-SC and NonResp-SC (𝑃<0.005 at Mann-Whitney test).
For E-BPRS BPRS-PS, and BPRS-NS (higher scores indicate more severe psychiatric symptoms).