Vastus Medialis Obliquus Muscle Morphology in Primary and Recurrent Lateral Patellar Instability

Table 3

Characteristics of VMO muscle morphology.

VMO	Primary LPD; 𝑛=30	Recurrent LPD; 𝑛=30	Controls; 𝑛=22	𝑃 value
Cross-sectional area (mm^2)*	1742±625	1714±572	2034±679	0.164
Muscle-fiber angulation (°)	46±7	44±6	48±8	0.186
Craniocaudal extent (mm)	14±5	14±4	14±3	0.957

Comparison of VMO muscle cross-sectional area, muscle-fiber angulation, and the craniocaudal VMO muscle extent in patients with primary and recurrent patellar dislocations and the control group. Descriptive values are mean ± standard deviation. VMO: vastus medialis obliquus; LPD: lateral patellar dislocation; *sum of measured values (three transverse slices).