Helical Tomotherapy Combined with Capecitabine in the Preoperative Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Table 4

Summary of studies showing the efficacy of capecitabine-based preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.

Oral capecitabine	Case number	Dose of capecitabine	Dose of RT	pCR (%)	Sphincter preservation (%) (for low-lying rectal tumor)	Tumor (T) downstaging (%)	Nodal (N) downstaging; (%) (in clinical N1-2 patients)	ypT0-2N0 (%)
Krishnan et al.; (2006) [15]	51	825 mg/m^2 twice daily, for the duration of RT	3-field technique; 52.5 Gy in 30 fractions, 5 days/wk * 6 wks	17.6	66.7	51	51.7	44
Kim et al.; (2006) [5]	97	825 mg/m^2 twice daily for 14 days followed by a 7-day rest period	3-field technique; 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions, 5 days/wk * 5.5 wks	22.2	66.7	61.1	87.5	44.4
Yerushalmi et al.; (2006) [16]	43	825 mg/m^2 twice daily, 5 days/wk on RT day	3-field technique; 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions, 5 days/wk * 5.5 wks	30.2	N	76.7	N	N
Das et al.; (2006) [17]	89	825 mg/m^2 twice daily, 5 days/wk (65.2%) and 7 days/wk (34.8%) on RT day	3-field technique; 45 Gy in 25 fractions, 5 days/wk; * 5 wks, 0–7.5 Gy boost	21.3	N	51.7	N	N
De Paoli et al.; (2006) [18]	53	825 mg/m^2 twice daily, 7 days/wk on RT day	3- or 4-field technique; 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions, 5 days/wk * 5.5 wks	24	58.8	56.9	78.6	N
Craven et al.; (2007) [19]	70	900 mg/m^2 twice daily, 5 days/wk on RT day	3- or 4-field technique; 45 Gy in 25 fractions, 5 days/wk * 5 wks	9.2	N	41.9	N	N
de Bruin et al.; (2008) [20]	60	825 mg/m^2 twice daily, 5 days/wk on RT day	3-field technique or IMRT; 50 Gy in 25 fractions, 5 days/wk * 5 wks	13.3	50	66.7	63.3	45
Bazarbashi et al.; (2008) [21]	30	825 mg/m^2 twice daily, 7 days/wk on RT day	3- or 4-field technique; 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions, 5 days/wk * 5.5 wks	6.7	14.3	53.8	50	N
Dunst et al.; (2008) [22]	96	825 mg/m^2 twice daily, 7 days/wk for the duration of RT	3D-CRT; 50.4 Gy, daily; 1.8 Gy * 5-6 wks, 5.4 Gy boost for T4 lesions	6.9	N	67.8	67.2	N
Elshazly et al.; (2009) [23]	26	825 mg/m^2 twice daily, on RT day	3-field technique; 50 Gy in 25 fractions, 5 days/wk * 5 wks	11.5	53.8	53.8	63.6	50
Chan et al.; (2010) [24]	34	825 mg/m^2 twice daily, 5 days/wk on RT day	4-field technique; 50 Gy in 25 fractions, 5 days/wk * 5 wks	20.6	23.1	58.8	N	41.2
Park et al.; (2011) [12]	105	825 mg/m^2 twice daily, 7 days/wk on RT day	3- or 4-field technique; 50 Gy in 25 fractions, 5 days/wk * 5 wks	17.1	67.7	N	N	41.9
Jin et al.; (2011) [25]	59	825 mg/m^2 twice daily, 5 days/wk on RT day	3 or 4-field technique; 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions, 5 days/wk * 5.5 wks	13.6	62.1	57.6	63.4	33.9
Li et al.; (2012) [26]	58	825 mg/m^2 twice daily, 5 days/wk on RT day	IMRT; 50.6 Gy (GTV) and 41.8 Gy (CTV) in 22 fractions, 5 times per wk over 30 days	31.0	66	56.9	79.2	N
The current study; (2014)	35	850 mg/m^2 twice daily, 5 days/wk on RT day	Helical tomotherapy; 45 Gy to the regional lymph nodes and areas at risk for harboring microscopic disease and SIB 50.4 Gy to the gross tumor in 25 fractions, 5 days/wk * 5 wks	14.3	85.2	60	69.6	57.1

CRT: chemoradiotherapy; LARC: locally advanced rectal cancer; RT: radiotherapy; pCR: pathological complete response; Wk: week; N: not reported; 3D-CRT: 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy; IMRT: intensity-modulated radiotherapy; GTV: gross target volumes; CTV: clinical target volumes; SIB: simultaneous integrated boost.