BioMed Research International

Research Article

Long-Term Outcomes after Dialysis-Requiring Acute Kidney Injury

Table 1

Characteristics of patients without AKI and with AKI-dialysis.


Items	Non-AKI ()	AKI-dialysis ()		AKI-dialysis ()
Items	Non-AKI ()	AKI-dialysis ()		Nonwithdrawal subgroup ()	Dialysis withdrawal subgroup ()

Male	1490 (50.4%)	1490 (50.4%)	0.999	1097 (48.3%)	393 (57.4%)	<0.001	<0.001
Age (years)						<0.001	<0.001
Comorbidity
Charlson score			<0.001			<0.001	<0.001
Myocardial infarction	38 (1.3%)	87 (2.9%)	<0.001	58 (2.6%)	29 (4.2%)	0.028	<0.001
Congestive heart failure	138 (4.7%)	543 (18.4%)	<0.001	411 (18.1%)	132 (19.3%)	0.499	<0.001
Peripheral vascular disease	46 (1.6%)	101 (3.4%)	<0.001	74 (3.3%)	27 (3.9%)	0.401	<0.001
Cerebrovascular disease	284 (9.6%)	469 (15.9%)	<0.001	361 (15.9%)	108 (15.8%)	1.000	<0.001
Dementia	50 (1.7%)	87 (2.9%)	0.002	53 (2.3%)	34 (5%)	<0.001	<0.001
COPD	459 (15.5%)	495 (16.7%)	0.216	378 (16.6%)	117 (17.1%)	0.815	0.323
Rheumatologic disease	31 (1.0%)	55 (1.9%)	0.012	39 (1.7%)	16 (2.3%)	0.332	0.013
Hemiplegia	24 (0.8%)	66 (2.2%)	<0.001	50 (2.2%)	16 (2.3%)	0.883	0.002
CKD	74 (2.5%)	1802 (61%)	<0.001	1595 (70.2%)	207 (30.2%)	<0.001	<0.001
Advanced CKD	3 (0.15%)	747 (25.3%)	<0.001	717 (31.6%)	30 (4.4%)	<0.001	<0.001
Solid tumor	201 (6.8%)	191 (6.5%)	0.638	137 (6%)	54 (7.9%)	0.092	0.319
Tumor with metastasis	64 (2.2%)	38 (1.3%)	0.012	20 (0.9%)	18 (2.6%)	<0.001	0.475
Diabetics with microvascular disease	379 (12.8%)	1161 (39.3%)	<0.001	951 (41.9%)	210 (30.7%)	<0.001	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus	1591 (53.8%)	1591 (53.8%)	0.999	1240 (54.6%)	351 (51.2%)	0.126	0.234
Moderate or severe liver disease	311 (10.5%)	284 (9.6%)	0.261	215 (9.5%)	69 (10.1%)	0.657	0.782
Index hospital comorbidities
Cardiovascular	41 (1.4%)	82 (2.8%)	<0.001	29 (1.3%)	53 (7.7%)	<0.001	<0.001
Respiratory	116 (3.9%)	279 (9.4%)	<0.001	135 (5.9%)	144 (21%)	<0.001	<0.001
Hepatic	19 (0.6%)	36 (1.2%)	0.029	21 (0.9%)	15 (2.2%)	0.015	<0.001
Neurologic	11 (0.4%)	48 (1.6%)	<0.001	36 (1.6%)	12 (1.8%)	0.732	<0.001
Hematologic	14 (0.5%)	29 (1%)	0.031	26 (1.1%)	3 (0.4%)	0.122	1.000
Metabolic	1 (0%)	96 (3.2%)	<0.001	66 (2.9%)	30 (4.4%)	0.065	<0.001
Operative categories
Cardiothoracic	98 (3.3%)	50 (1.7%)	<0.001	20 (0.9%)	30 (4.4%)	<0.001	0.169
Upper GI	33 (1.1%)	12 (0.4%)	0.002	3 (0.1%)	9 (1.3%)	<0.001	0.691
Lower GI	69 (2.3%)	20 (0.7%)	<0.001	10 (0.4%)	10 (1.5%)	0.013	0.190
Hepatobiliary	67 (2.3%)	12 (0.4%)	<0.001	4 (0.2%)	8 (1.2%)	0.002	0.073
Mechanical ventilation	516 (17.5%)	516 (17.5%)	0.999	263 (11.6%)	253 (36.9%)	<0.001	<0.001
ICU admission during index hospitalization	593 (20.1%)	933 (31.6%)	<0.001	538 (23.7%)	395 (57.7%)	<0.001	<0.001
Postdischarge medications during survey
ACEI/ARB	576 (19.5%)	772 (26.1%)	<0.001	610 (26.9%)	162 (23.6%)	0.101	0.018
Statin	240 (8.1%)	304 (10.3%)	0.005	246 (10.8%)	58 (8.5%)	0.085	0.757
NSAID	545 (18.4%)	425 (14.4%)	<0.001	331 (14.6%)	94 (13.7%)	0.619	0.003
Aspirin	212 (7.2%)	225 (7.6%)	0.551	181 (8%)	44 (6.4%)	0.189	0.561
Diuretics	441 (14.9%)	810 (27.4%)	<0.001	552 (24.3%)	258 (37.7%)	<0.001	<0.001
Initial dialysis modality
CVVH	—	71 (2.4%)	—	15 (0.7%)	56 (82.1%)	0.074	—
IHD	—	2885 (97.6%)	—	2256 (99.3%)	629 (91.8%)	0.074	—
Use of diuretics 2.25 DDD at dialysis initiation	—	1446 (48.9%)	—	996 (43.9%)	450 (65.7%)	<0.001
Outcome
Mortality	607 (20.5%)	1371 (46.4%)	<0.001	1047 (46.1%)	324 (47.3%)	0.600	<0.001
ESRD	14 (0.5%)	1643 (55.6%)	<0.001	1520 (66.9%)	123 (17.9%)	<0.001	<0.001

^¶Dialysis withdrawal subgroup versus nonwithdrawal subgroup; dialysis withdrawal subgroup versus non-AKI group.
(i) The data was followed up to December 2008.
(ii) The AKI-dialysis patients who survived for more than 90 days after discharge from the index hospitalization and without rehospitalization were divided into two groups according to whether or not they recovered from AKI-dialysis (dialysis withdrawal and nonwithdrawal subgroups).
(iii) Advanced CKD; patients with a creatinine level higher than 6 mg/dL with concomitant erythropoiesis-stimulating agents prescriptions.
ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; AKI, acute kidney injury; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVVH, continuous venovenous hemofiltration; DDD, defined daily dose; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; GI, gastrointestinal; ICU, intensive care unit; IHD, intermittent hemodialysis; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents/analgesics.