Notch1 and 4 Signaling Responds to an Increasing Vascular Wall Shear Stress in a Rat Model of Arteriovenous Malformations
Figure 1
Arteriovenous fistula in a rat model of arteriovenous malformation. (a) Schematic representation shows an AVF in a rat model of AVM. The normal primary outflow for intracranial venous blood is the external jugular vein (e.j.v.) via the posterior facial vein and the vein from transverse sinus. The left external jugular vein is ligated at the confluence of subclavian vein, and (b) an end-to-side anastomosis was performed onto the left common carotid artery (c.c.a.). 1: carotid-jugular anastomosis; 2: arterialized feeding vein; 3: “nidus” consists of dilated small vessels and capillaries; 4: draining vein. (c) Representative angiogram obtained 42 days after creation of the rat AVF model. Portions of the rat AVF model are indicated: 1: proximal fistula; 2: arterialized jugular vein; 3: “nidus”; 4: draining vein.
