The Ratio of Estimated Average Glucose to Fasting Plasma Glucose Level Is Superior to Glycated Albumin, Hemoglobin A1c, Fructosamine, and GA/A1c Ratio for Assessing β-Cell Function in Childhood Diabetes

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the subject populations included in this study.

	Pediatric diabetes
	Type 1 diabetes	Type 2 diabetes
Number of subjects	62	75
Age (year)	13 (3–17)	13 (9–18)
Gender (male, %)	29 (46.8)	34 (45.3)
Duration of diabetes (years)	2.3 (0.1–12.5)	0.8 (0.2–5.9)^a
Height (cm)	149.5 ± 28.4	162.1 ± 10.2^a
Weight (kg)	47.1 ± 15.2	70.6 ± 18.9^a
BMI (kg/m^2)	19.3 ± 4.5	26.5 ± 5.1^a
Glycation index
HbA1c (%)	8.7 (6.2–16.3)	7.9 (5.9–14.3)^a
Glycated albumin (%)	24.1 (15.0–61.8)	14.8 (9.2–39.4)^a
Fructosamine (µmol/L)	415 (263–749)	281 (194–605)^a
Glucose levels
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	9.6 (7.5–23.7)	7.5 (7.2–16.4)^a
PP2hrs (mmol/L)	15.4 (9.4–28.6)	12.9 (9.1–36.2)^a
β-Cell function
C-peptide (ng/mL)	0.03 (0.01–0.59)	3.15 (0.82–14.4)^a
Insulin (U/mL)	3.6 (1.0–9.7)	18.2 (7.5–58.3)^a
HOMA-β (%)	NA	102.1 (12.9–753.5)
Insulin resistance
HOMA-IR	NA	2.8 (0.8–7.3)
Glycemic index ratio
GA/A1c ratio	2.82 (1.74–4.09)	2.21 (1.18–3.52)^a
eAG/fPG ratio	1.03 (0.59–3.29)	1.48 (0.84–2.14)^a
Glycation index-associated parameters
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	0.74 ± 0.14	0.78 ± 0.12
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	119.6 ± 16.8	127.0 ± 14.3
Serum albumin (g/dL)	4.38 ± 0.42	4.61 ± 0.35
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	13.6 ± 1.2	14.0 ± 1.8

Data are expressed as mean ± SD or median (range).
^aStatistically significant (𝑃<0.05), versus type 1 diabetes, computed by a Mann-Whitney U test and a Student's t-test.
BMI, body mass index; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; PP2hrs, postprandial 2 hours; eAG/fPG ratio, the ratio of estimated average glucose to fasting plasma glucose; GA/A1c ratio, the ratio of glycated albumin to HbA1c level; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NA, not applicable.