Assessment of DNA Damage and Telomerase Activity in Exfoliated Urinary Cells as Sensitive and Noninvasive Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer in Ex-Workers of a Rubber Tyres Industry

<table>Working stages of tyre production process. The process starts with weighing rubber, process oils, carbon black, and other additives. In the mixing stage, the raw materials are mixed together and heated. Then assembling with reinforcements occurs and finally the tyre undergoes vulcanization in curing presses. The higher risk in developing bladder cancer in stages 1, 2, and 4 is due to the presence of potentially carcinogenic compounds. The last stage comprises inspection, testing, and delivery.</table>

BioMed Research International

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Figure 1: Assessment of DNA Damage and Telomerase Activity in Exfoliated Urinary Cells as Sensitive and Noninvasive Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer in Ex-Workers of a Rubber Tyres Industry 

Figure 1 | Assessment of DNA Damage and Telomerase Activity in Exfoliated Urinary Cells as Sensitive and Noninvasive Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer in Ex-Workers of a Rubber Tyres Industry 