Assessment of DNA Damage and Telomerase Activity in Exfoliated Urinary Cells as Sensitive and Noninvasive Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer in Ex-Workers of a Rubber Tyres Industry

Table 2

Distribution of studied subjects for age, smoking habits, alcohol intake, drug assumptions, dietary, and statistical analysis of differences.

Variable	Modality	Ex-exposed group; (𝑛=159)	Control group; (𝑛=97)	Statistical significance of differences among groups 𝑃 value
Age (years)		60 ± 12; Mean ± SD	57 ± 12; Mean ± SD	Mann Whitney test 𝑃=0.003
Smoking	Nonsmokers	79	52	Chi square test 𝑃=0.441
(8 missing exposed)	Ex-smokers	37	17
2 missing controls	Smokers	35	26
Recent drugs intake	No	127	88	Chi square test 𝑃=0.1
(1 missing exposed)	Yes	31	9
Diagnostic radiation exposure in the last six months	No	120	65	Chi square test 𝑃=0.338
	Yes	39	32
Alcohol assumption	No	5	10	Chi square test 𝑃<0.001
(15 missing exposed)	Sometime	24	46
6 missing controls	Yes	115	35
Dietary habit (fruits and vegetables intake)	Sometime	77	34	Chi square test 𝑃=0.014
(1 missing exposed)	Often	53	49
3 missing controls	Usually	28	11
Dietary habit (grilled and smoked food intake)	Sometime	24	43	Chi square test 𝑃<0.001
(3 missing exposed)	Often	78	39
3 missing controls	Usually	54	12