Assessment of DNA Damage and Telomerase Activity in Exfoliated Urinary Cells as Sensitive and Noninvasive Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer in Ex-Workers of a Rubber Tyres Industry

Table 3

Comet test, TRAP, and FISH results on exfoliated urothelial cells of ex-workers distributed for class of risk and total ex-exposed group and controls.

Class of risk ex-exposed workers	𝑁umber of subjects	Tail moment; Mean ± SD	Number of subjects with DNA damage (%)	TRAP; Median + SD	Number of subjects with TRAP positive (%)	Number of subjects with FISH and TRAP positive (%)
1	6	13.30 ± 10.72		33.50 ± 9.01
2	20	14.32 ± 7.18		33.00 ± 13.21	1/26 (3.8%)
3	29	11.58 ± 8.11	1/16 (6.2%)	35.83 ± 15.49	4/26 (15.4%)	1/14 (7.1%)
4	30	14.81 ± 10.97	2/16 (12.5%)	35.41 ± 13.08	3/26 (11.5%)	2/14 (14.3%)
5	74	20.39 ± 15.96	13/16 (81.3%)	41.00 ± 21.83	18/26 (69.3%)	11/14 (78.6%)
𝑃 value; Kruskal -Wallis	159	0.023		0.743
Post hoc Bonferroni		5 > 3 (0.022)
𝑃 value χ ^2	159		0.054		0.111
Exact Fisher test 𝑃 value			0.020		0.065
Total ex-exposed ones	159	16.81 ± 13.23	16/159 (10%)	37 ± 18	26/159 (16%)	14/19 TRAP+ (74%)
Total controls	97	14.11 ± 7.18	2/97 (2%)	34 ± 20	15/97 (15%)
𝑃 value; Mann Whitney		0.584		0.917
𝑃 value χ ^2			0.015		0.850