Newcastle Disease Virus Interaction in Targeted Therapy against Proliferation and Invasion Pathways of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Figure 1

Genomic aberration of the proliferative and invasive pathways of glioma signalling. The extrinsic activation of growth factor receptors triggers the major signal transduction crossroad Ras-GTP, which conveys the message into the Raf-MAPK-ERK pathway or the PI3K-AKT or PI3K-Rho GTPase Rac1 pathway and leads the cell through the G1 restriction points of cell cycle. This signalling activation promotes an aberrant cell cycle that continuously produces mutated cells and promotes invasion signalling, resulting in an aggressive phenotype [6–8]. The control over cell division at checkpoint 1 is normally maintained by p53, a tumour suppressor that also contributes to DNA repair and cell death pathways.