Newcastle Disease Virus Interaction in Targeted Therapy against Proliferation and Invasion Pathways of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Figure 4

(a) Singular cells of untreated GBM with actin cytoskeleton staining (red colour). (b) Phase contrast microphotograph of NDV-infected GBM cells; (i) single-cell fusion process into the syncytium cells (ii) that is characterised by multiple nuclei (N). (c) Actin cytoskeleton staining of syncytium process in infected cells, showing actin cytoskeleton reorganisation (arrows in higher magnification microphotograph). (d) Completed actin reorganisation of three cells to become one syncytium cell (S). The asterisk (∗) and apoptotic syncytium (arrow head) in (c) and (e) represent actin cytoskeleton denaturation and cell death in a singular cell and a syncytium cell, respectively. The nucleus is stained blue and the NDV is stained green.