Newcastle Disease Virus Interaction in Targeted Therapy against Proliferation and Invasion Pathways of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Figure 5

Multiple signalling reported in NDV induces cell death pathways in a cancerous cell. NDV infection of cancerous cells potentially induces direct apoptosis via intrinsic (1) or extrinsic (2) pathways. The NDV replication activity also induces ER stress (3), which triggers the transcription inhibition that leads to cell cycle arrest. NDV interactions with Rac1 (4) protein to induce syncytium formation also potentially induces cell cycle arrest, while cellular actin reorganisation in syncytium cells also induces denaturing of the actin cytoskeleton, which leads to cell death.