Platelet-Rich Plasma in Bone Regeneration: Engineering the Delivery for Improved Clinical Efficacy

Table 2

Role of PRP components in bone remodeling.

PDGF	Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and progenitor cell recruitment, proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation. Osteoblast proliferation and ECM ossification [25, 128, 129]
TGF-𝛽	MSC recruitment and differentiation. Increased production of collagen and mineral matrix. Inhibits osteoclast formation and bone resorption [128–130]
TGF-𝛽1	MSC recruitment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation [25]
IGF-1	Stimulates bone formation via cellular proliferation, differentiation, and synthesis of Type I collagen [25, 128, 129]
IL-1, IL-6, TNF-𝛼	Promotes early responses of bone repair, endochondral bone formation, and bone remodeling [129, 131]
Basic FGF	MSC growth and differentiation. Osteoblast proliferation [132]
Fibronectin, vitronectin	Enhances formation of focal adhesions by osteoblasts, osteoblast migration [133]
VEGF	Promotes angiogenesis and endochondral ossification [25]
VGF, platelet microparticles	Promotes angiogenesis [131]