Testing for the Endogenous Nature between Women’s Empowerment and Antenatal Health Care Utilization: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study in Egypt

Table 3

Univariate and recursive bivariate probit model estimates: results of the two specifications.

Variables	Univariate probit		Recursive bivariate probit
	Regular ANC		Regular ANC		Women’s empowerment
	Coef.	St. error	Coef.	St. error	Coef.	St. error
Women’s empowerment	−0.024	0.041	1.166**	0.343
Place of residence
Rural (ref.)
Urban	−0.007	0.005	0.147	0.167	−0.282**	0.135
Region
Urban governorates (ref.)
Urban lower Egypt; Rural lower Egypt; Urban upper Egypt; Rural upper Egypt; Frontier governorates	−0.129; −0.333*; −0.309*; −0.519*; −0.175***	0.089; 0.071; 0.080; 0.074; 0.100	−0.039; −0.388***; −0.295*; −0.750*; −0.512*	0.096; 0.212; 0.078; 0.178; 0.115	0.217**; 0.375**; −0.096; −0.142; −0.619*	0.084; 0.146; 0.072; 0.145; 0.093
Wealth index
Poorest (ref.)
Poorer; Middle; Richer; Richest	0.206*; 0.327*; 0.573*; 0.820*	0.051; 0.056; 0.066; 0.082	0.173**; 0.285*; 0.540*; 0.737*	0.056; 0.066; 0.083; 0.118	0.004; 0.006; 0.116***; 0.095	0.051; 0.056; 0.066; 0.078
Reading newspaper
No (ref.)
Yes	0.038	0.05	0.116**	0.056	0.233*	0.049
Watching TV
No (ref.)
Yes	0.013	0.093	0.130	0.092	0.252*	0.092
Listening to radio
No (ref.)
Yes	0.014	0.036	0.022	0.033	0.039	0.036
Women’s age
15–24 (ref.)
25–39; 40–49	−0.084; 0.029	0.057; 0.131	−0.045; 0.043	0.057; 0.099	0.174*; 0.346*	0.037; 0.079
Work status
Not working for cash
Working for cash	0.058	0.063	0.215**	0.085	0.529*	0.072
Women’s education
No education (ref.)
Incomplete primary; Complete primary; Incomplete secondary; Complete secondary; Higher	0.134***; 0.044; 0.129**; 0.175**; 0.295**	0.071; 0.093; 0.061; 0.056; 0.095	0.179**; 0.059; 0.151**; 0.242*; 0.385*	0.066; 0.086; 0.057; 0.052; 0.089	0.146**; 0.034; 0.086; 0.201*; 0.322*	0.070; 0.090; 0.059; 0.055; 0.094
Husband’s education
No education (ref.)
Incomplete primary; Complete primary; Incomplete secondary; Complete secondary; Higher	0.005; 0.158***; 0.048; 0.083; 0.259**	0.064; 0.087; 0.064; 0.056; 0.082	−0.019; 0.116; 0.057; 0.105**; 0.268**	0.060; 0.082; 0.059; 0.052; 0.077	−0.064; −0.047; 0.033; 0.087; 0.127	0.062; 0.083; 0.063; 0.055; 0.079
Availability of health services	0.038**	0.017	0.029**	0.015
Content of antenatal care	0.396*	0.016	0.337*	0.049
Treatment with complications	0.279*	0.019	0.237*	0.039
Constant	0.645*	0.165	0.906**	0.301	0.46**	0.185
Rho (𝜌)			−0.711	0.235
LR test			3.506***

Source: calculated by authors using EDHS, 2008.
*Significant at level 1%. **Significant at level 5%. ***Significant at level 10%.