The Characteristics of Thrombin in Osteoarthritic Pathogenesis and Treatment

Table 1

Thrombin as an inflammatory-related molecule regulates signaling in OA.

Receptor	Regulation	Pathway	Function	Reference
PAR-1	CCL2	PKC/c-SRC/EGFR/MEK/ERK/AP-1	Monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells activation	[47, 48]
PAR-1/-2	IL-1, TNF-	p38/p42/44	MMP expression	[65]
PAR-1/-3	HO-1	PKCδ/c-SRC/Nrf-2	Synovial fibroblasts inflammatory	[70–72]
PAR-1/-3	MMP-13	PKCδ/c-SRC/EGFR/pI3K/AKT/AP-1	Cartilage destruction	[59, 60]
PAR-1	COX-2	?	IL-6, CTGF, FGF1/2, VEGF, Tnc expression	[51–54]

PAR: protease-activated receptor; CCL2: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-2; IL: interleukin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; FGF-1/-2: fibroblast growth factor-1/-2; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; TnC: tenascin C; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2.