Review Article
The Characteristics of Thrombin in Osteoarthritic Pathogenesis and Treatment
Table 2
Thrombin as a therapeutic target in OA.
| | Drug | Target | Reference |
| Thrombin antagonists | Vorapaxar (SCH530348) | PAR1 antagonist | [81, 82] | Atopaxar (E5555) | PAR1 antagonist | [81, 82] | Hirudin | Cleave fibrinogen and PAR-1 | [74, 83–85] |
| Herbal medicines | Curcuminoids | Anti-inflammatory | [88, 89] | Chondrocytes protection | [88] | -Ecdysterone (Ecd) | Bax and p53 reduction | [90] | Increase Bcl-xL expression, | [90] | Inhibited NF-κB phosphorylation, | [90] | IκBα degradation, MMP-3, | [90] | MMP-9, and COX-2 expression | [90] | Ceiba pentandra (Malvaceae/Bombacoideae) | Coagulation intrinsic pathway | [91] | Prolong clotting time | [91] | Quassia africana (Simaroubaceae/C. pentandra) | Coagulation intrinsic pathway | [91] | Prolong clotting time | [91] |
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