Effect of Prenatal Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure on Birth Outcomes: The Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study
Table 1
Characteristics of the pregnant women, pregnancies, and the newborns and their associations with birth outcomes (multivariable regression analysis).
Characteristica
Mean or
±SD or %
(SE)
Birth weight
Birth length
Birth head circumference
Birth chest circumference
Ponderal index
Cephalization index
Gestational age (weeks); mean, SD ()
39.2
1.4
111.9 (41.3) 0.008
0.7 (0.3) 0.01
0.08 (0.1) 0.6
0.3 (0.2) 0.08
0.01 (0.02) 0.7
−3.1 (1.0) 0.003
Maternal age (years); mean, SD ()
28.6
3.9
4.3 (14.1) 0.8
0.2 (0.1) 0.09
0.05 (0.05) 0.3
0.03 (0.06) 0.6
−0.01 (0.01) 0.08
0.04 (0.3) 0.9
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2); mean, SD ()
22.2
3.6
27.5 (11.7) 0.02
0.005 (0.08) 0.9
0.07 (0.04) 0.08
0.08 (0.05) 0.07
0.01 (0.006) 0.07
−0.6 (0.3) 0.03
Maternal height (cm); mean, SD ()
167
6.0
21.9 (7.5) 0.004
0.2 (0.05) 0.003
0.08 (0.03) 0.003
0.07 (0.03) 0.03
−0.004 (0.004) 0.3
−0.4 (0.2) 0.01
Cotinine (ng/mL); mean, SD ()
1.3
1.3
−30.6 (48.2) 0.5
−0.3 (0.3) 0.4
−0.4 (0.2) 0.02
−0.4 (0.2) 0.06
0.01 (0.03) 0.3
−0.2 (1.1) 0.8
Marital status ()
Single
37
17.6
−27.8 (123.1)
0.4 (0.8)
0.3 (0.4)
0.03 (0.4)
−0.03 (0.07)
1.5 (2.9)
Married
173
82.4
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.9
0.7
0.6
Maternal education (years of education) ()
>12
141
67.5
153.8 (111.9)
−0.3 (0.7)
0.4 (0.4)
0.02 (0.4)
0.1 (0.06)
−4.4 (2.7)
≤12
68
32.5
0.2
0.7
0.3
0.9
0.08
0.2
Employment status in the first trimester ()
Employed
179
85.6
−55.0 (135.5)
−0.7 (0.9)
−0.2 (0.5)
−0.5 (0.5)
0.04 (0.07)
1.1 (3.2)
Unemployed
30
14.4
0.7
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.6
0.7
Parity ()
≥1
87
41.4
148.8 (116.3)
0.4 (0.8)
0.3 (0.4)
1.2 (0.5)
0.03 (0.06)
−3.2 (2.8)
0
123
58.6
0.2
0.6
0.5
0.003
0.6
0.3
Season of the last menstrual period ()
October–April
110
52.4
−5.0 (90.0)
0.1 (0.6)
−1.1 (0.3)
−0.4 (0.3)
−0.001 (0.05)
−2.8 (2.1)
May–September
100
47.6
0.9
0.8
0.001
0.3
0.9
0.2
Place of residence ()
>100 thousand inhabitants
146
69.5
7.7 (99.0)
0.4 (0.7)
−0.4 (0.4)
0.5 (0.4)
−0.03 (0.05)
−0.9 (2.4)
≤100 thousand inhabitants
64
30.5
0.9
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.7
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy (frequency) ()
At least once per month
13
6.2
−63.0 (170.2)
0.4 (1.1)
−0.1 (0.6)
−0.9 (0.7)
−0.1 (0.1)
0.6 (4.1)
Less than once per month
193
93.8
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.9
Newborns’ gender ()
Female
109
51.9
−176.0 (88.6)
−1.9 (0.6)
−0.9 (0.3)
−0.7 (0.3)
0.08 (0.05)
3.0 (2.1)
Male
101
48.1
0.05
0.002
0.006
0.05
0.09
0.2
Numbers may not sum up 210 in all the variables because some values are missing. Mean and standard deviation (±SD) are presented for continuous variables. and % are presented for categorical variables. For categorical variables the second category is the reference category in the regression analysis. : beta coefficient (and SE standard error) from the multivariable regression analysis. value from Wald in the multivariable regression analysis.
