Research Article
Incidence and Predicted Risk Factors of Pressure Ulcers in Surgical Patients: Experience at a Medical Center in Taipei, Taiwan
Table 2
Univariate analysis for comparison of characteristics in pressure ulcers among study population (
).
| |
Types of pressure ulcers | | | Immediately | 30 minutes later | | | Yes () | No () | OR (95% CI) | Yes () | No () | OR (95% CI) |
| | Categorical variables | | | | | | | | Gender | | | | | | | | Female | 13 | 122 | 0.97 | 5 | 130 | 0.59 | | Male | 16 | 146 | (0.45–2.10) | 10 | 152 | (0.20–1.75) | | Past disease | | | | | | | | Yes | 21 | 195 | 0.98 | 11 | 205 | 1.03 | | No | 8 | 73 | (0.42–2.32) | 4 | 77 | (0.32–3.34) | | Smoking | | | | | | | | Yes | 4 | 51 | 0.68 | 3 | 52 | 1.11 | | No | 25 | 217 | (0.23–2.04) | 12 | 230 | (0.30–4.06) | | Type of anesthesia (general anesthesia) | | | | | | | | Yes | 28 | 170 | 16.14 | 14 | 184 | 7.45 | | No | 1 | 98 | (2.16–120.47) | 1 | 98 | (1.00–57.51) | | Type of operation position | | | | | | | | Supine | 3 | 179 | 1.00 | 3 | 179 | 1.00 | | Prone | 19 | 18 | 62.98 (16.98–233.55) | 10 | 27 | 22.10 (5.72–85.43) | | Lithotomy | 1 | 40 | 1.49 (0.15–14.72) | 0 | 41 | — | | Lateral | 6 | 25 | 14.32 (3.37–60.91) | 2 | 29 | 4.11 (0.66–25.70) | | Others | 0 | 6 | — | 0 | 6 | — | | Type of surgery | | | | | | | | General surgery | 6 | 149 | 1.00 | 1 | 154 | 1.00 | | Neurosurgery | 2 | 22 | 2.25 (0.43–11.89) | 1 | 23 | 6.70 (0.40–110.79) | | Orthopedics surgery | 18 | 76 | 5.88 (2.24–15.43) | 10 | 84 | 18.33 (2.31–145.69) | | Cardiac surgery | 3 | 21 | 3.55 (0.82–15.26) | 3 | 21 | 22.00 (2.19–221.34) | | Warmer used | | | | | | | | Yes | 28 | 214 | 7.06 | 15 | 227 | — | | No | 1 | 54 | (0.94–53.04) | 0 | 55 | | | Shear | | | | | | | | Yes | 12 | 135 | 0.70 | 6 | 141 | 0.67 | | No | 17 | 133 | (0.32–1.51) | 9 | 141 | (0.23–1.92) | | Wet | | | | | | | | Yes | 1 | 15 | 0.60 | 0 | 16 | — | | No | 28 | 253 | (0.08–4.73) | 15 | 266 | | | Heart-lung machine used | | | | | | | | Yes | 2 | 8 | 2.41 | 2 | 8 | 5.27 | | No | 27 | 260 | (0.49–11.92) | 13 | 274 | (1.02–27.34) | | Diastolic blood pressure less than 60 mmHg during operation | | | | | | | | Yes | 24 | 191 | 1.94 | 12 | 203 | 1.56 | | No | 5 | 77 | (0.71–5.26) | 3 | 79 | (0.43–5.66) | | Continuous variables | | | | | | | | Age (yrs) | — | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | — | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | | Body mass index (Kg/m2) | — | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | — | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) | | Hemoglobin (g/dL) | — | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | — | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | | Hematocrit (%) | — | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | — | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | | Admission Braden score | — | 0.85 (0.75–0.97) | — | 0.84 (0.71–0.98) | | Time of operation (min) | — | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | — | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | | Number of nursing intervention | — | 0.95 (0.89–0.99) | — | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | | Ear temperature after operation | — | 0.93 (0.60–1.44) | — | 0.77 (0.43–1.38) | | Total time of diastolic blood pressure less than 60 mmHg (min) | — | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | — | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) |
|
|
