Micronuclei in Bone Marrow and Liver in relation to Hepatic Metabolism and Antioxidant Response due to Coexposure to Chloroform, Dichloromethane, and Toluene in the Rat Model

Table 1

Acute toxic effects in rodent i.p. exposed to dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform (CLF) or toluene (TOL).

VOC	Dose (mmol/kg)	P-450	CYP2E1	Lipid peroxidation	GSH	MNPCE	CA	Reference
DCM	2.5	0	0		0	0		Pilot study
CLF	2.6	0	+0.48		0	0		Pilot study
TOL	8	−0.48	+0.50		0	0		Pilot study
DCM	1.2–2.4	0	0					[23]
	4.8–9.5	+0.4–0.50	+0.35					[23]
	6			0				[24]
	5–20					0		[25]
	1.2–23.5						0	[26]
CLF	0.1				0			[27]
	1.3	0	0		0			[28]
	1.7				−0.07			[27]
	2.0–8.0					0		[25]
	0.01						+3.75	[21]
	0.1–1.0						+7.75	[21]
TOL	5	0	+1.16					[29]
	5.4			0				[9]
	10.8			+0.30				[9]
	16.2			+0.17				[9]
	20				0			[30]
	1.2					0	0	[31]
	2.4					+0.32	0	[31]
	4.7					0	+2.71	[31]

Data represent significant fold increases (+) or decreases (−) with respect to control animals; zero means no change.
Cytochrome P450 (P-450), cytochrome 2E1 (CYP2E1), lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) were determined in liver, micronuclei (MNPCE) and chromosomal aberrations (CA) were determined in bone marrow.