Long-Term Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use Is Associated with Increased Atrial Electromechanical Delay in Male Bodybuilders

Figure 1

Pulsed-wave tissue Doppler early diastolic [𝐸_𝑚] and late diastolic [𝐴_𝑚] mitral and tricuspid annular velocities. The measurement of PA is determined by the onset of the P wave to the onset of 𝐴_𝑚 and illustrated with the arrows.