Biomarkers as Predictors of Recurrence following Curative Resection for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Review

Table 1

Biomarkers evaluated for predicting recurrence following resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9)
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Cellular biomarkers
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs)
Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)
Gene biomarkers
P16/CDKN2A, TP53, and SMAD4/DPC4
Metastin
Phosphatase and tensin (PTEN)
Molecular biomarkers
CX chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)
Cathepsin B
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)