Molecular Chaperone Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Effects of Curcumin

Table 1

Common neurodegenerative diseases due to protein misfolding and aggregation. The diseases associated with genetic/risk factors, proteins involved, pathology/diagnostic features, brain areas affected, and clinical symptoms in patients are mentioned below.

Diseases	Genes involved	Risk factors	Proteins involved	Pathology	Affected brain areas	Symptoms
Alzheimer’s	APP and presenilin 1, 2	ApoE4	A and Tau	A-plaque and Tau tangle	Hippocampus and frontal cortex	Memory loss, personality change, worried, and depressed
Parkinson’s	-Synuclein, Parkin, UCHL-1, and LRRK2	Tau linkage	-Synuclein and tau	Lewy body and tangle	Substantia nigra, striatum, and PFC	Impairment of sensorimotor coordination and cognition
Huntington	Huntingtin (HTT)	Number of CAG repeats in HTT allele	Huntingtin	Inclusion bodies in cytoplasm and nucleus	Striatum	Uncontrolled movements, clumsiness, and balance impairment
Prion	PRNP	Homozygosity at prion codon 129	PrP^Sc	Prion plaque	Whole CNS	Memory loss, personality change, and movement disorder
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	SOD	—	SOD1	Bunina body	Motor neuron of CNS	Disturbances of muscular activity
Multiple sclerosis	HLA, IL2RA, and IL7RA	Kinesin KIF1B, Vit D	—	Demyelinating lesion	White matter of the brain and spinal cord	Physical and cognitive disability
Tauopathies	Tau	Tau-linkage	Tau	Tau tangle	Whole CNS	Memory loss
Lewy bodies dementia	PARK11	E4 allele of ApoE	-Synuclein and ubiquitin	Lewy bodies	Hippocampus, amygdale, and frontal cortex	Impair alertness/attention movement, posture, muscle stiffness, memory loss, hallucinations, and confusion