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| ESCs | MSCs | Stem cell from extraembryonic tissues | iPSCs | Spermatogonial stem cells |
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| Derived from inner cell mass of the blastocyst | Derived from bone marrow, adipose tissues, bone, Wharton’s jelly, umbilical cord blood, and peripheral blood | Derived from amnion, chorion, placenta, and umbilical cord | Derived from somatic cells | Derived from testicular tissues |
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| Pluripotent | Multipotent | Multipotent | Pluripotent | Pluripotent |
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| These cells can differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers | These cells can differentiate into mesoderm-derived tissues (adipose tissues, bon, cartilage, and muscle) | These cells can differentiate into adipocytes, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, osteocytes, myocytes, and neurons | These cells can differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers | These cells can differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers |
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| Prolonged proliferation | Degree of proliferation depends on the tissue from which these cells were isolated | Degree of proliferation depends on the tissue from which these cells were isolated | Prolonged proliferation | Difficult to be maintained in cultures |
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| Indefinite self-renewal potential | Limited self-renewal | Limited self-renewal | Indefinite self-renewal potential | Self-renewal ability to go through numerous cell divisions while maintaining the undifferentiated state |
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| High telomerase activity | Low telomerase activity | Low telomerase activity | High telomerase activity | High telomerase activity |
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| Immortal; cell lines remain intact for long periods of time and produce endless numbers of cells | Production of limited number of cells | Production of limited number of cells | Immortal; cell lines remain intact for long periods of time and produce endless numbers of cells |
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| These cells are not immune privileged | These cells have immunomodulatory characteristics | — | These cells are not immune privileged | These cells are not immune privileged |
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