Insulin Preconditioning Elevates p-Akt and Cardiac Contractility after Reperfusion in the Isolated Ischemic Rat Heart

Figure 5

Time-course changes of TNF-α before and after ischemia in the three groups ( in each group). Coronary efferent fluid samples for TNF-α measurements were drawn after 20 min of preconditioning (preischemia) and after 1, 5, and 10 minutes of reperfusion. Measurements of TNF-α in the coronary effluent were normalized to 1 min volume of coronary flow (pg/mL). The data are presented as means ± SD. versus Control; versus Post-Ins. A significant increase in TNF-α was observed in Control at the beginning of reperfusion (Rep 1′ and ). The TNF-α at 5 minutes after reperfusion (Rep ) in the Pre-Ins was lower than both Post-Ins and Control.