Acute Toxicity Study of Zerumbone-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier on BALB/c Mice Model
Table 2
(a) Serum liver function parameters of mice treated with ZER, nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC), and zerumbone-loaded NLC. (b) Serum renal function parameters of mice treated with ZER, nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC), and zerumbone-loaded NLC.
(a)
()
TP (g/L)
Albumin (g/L)
Globulin (g/L)
TB (μmol/L)
CB (μmol/L)
ALP (U/L)
ALT (U/L)
AST (U/L)
GGT (U/L)
Control
Female
57.5 ± 0.5
29.5 ± 0.5
27.9 ± 0.5
2.3 ± 0.1
<0.1
112.3 ± 2.5
61.3 ± 1.4
143.2 ± 1.1
4.1 ± 0.17
Male
66.9 ± 2.0
27.2 ± 2.1
37.6 ± 1.9
2.1 ± 1.7
<0.1
122 ± 1.8
43.9 ± 2.0
81.2 ± 1.7
4.4 ± 2.7
Vehicle
Female
58.9 ± 0.4
30.7 ± 0.5
28.2 ± 0.8
1.7 ± 0.5
<0.1
119.6 ± 1.0
52.6 ± 1.3
91.7 ± 1.9
4.3 ± 0.3
Male
66.3 ± 1.2
27.1 ± 1.8
35.4 ± 3.2
1.9 ± 1.1
<0.1
121.2 ± 2.1
48.9 ± 3.5
87.1 ± 1.5
4.2 ± 2.5
ZER (100 mg/kg)
Female
57.7 ± 0.4
27.7 ± 0.5
28.6 ± 1.7
2.01 ± 0.2
<0.1
121.4 ± 1.7
54.1 ± 1.0
93.9 ± 1.6
4.35 ± 0.2
Male
68.9 ± 1.9
28.7 ± 1.5
35.4 ± 1.0
2.4 ± 3.0
<0.1
124.6 ± 2.2
49.1 ± 1.9
90.3 ± 2.3
4.8 ± 0.6
ZER (200 mg/kg)
Female
60.5 ± 0.4
30.9 ± 0.5
29.1 ± 0.4
2.1 ± 0.1
<0.1
121.6 ± 0.4
56.7 ± 1.2
95.4 ± 1.4
4.5 ± 0.5
Male
67.2 ± 2.3
28.3 ± 3.4
38.8 ± 0.9
2.9 ± 2.4
<0.1
125.9 ± 3.4
50.2 ± 0.9
91.6 ± 2.7
5.1 ± 2.8
NLC (100 mg/kg)
Female
57.9 ± 1.6
29.4 ± 1.01
25.1 ± 5.4
2.4 ± 0.2
<0.1
111.2 ± 1.1
56.6 ± 3.5
142 ± 3.6
4.4 ± 0.9
Male
67.3 ± 0.6
26.2 ± 0.6
38.5 ± 2.7
1.7 ± 0.6
<0.1
119.3 ± 1.5
42.6 ± 2.0
83 ± 1.7
4.3 ± 0.5
NLC (200 mg/kg)
Female
57.3 ± 2.2
30.4 ± 0.9
26.8 ± 1.3
2.6 ± 0.1
<0.1
113.4 ± 1.6
56.8 ± 4.4
131.1 ± 8.8
4.5 ± 0.4
Male
67.8 ± 0.4
27.5 ± 1.9
36.9 ± 0.8
2.1 ± 0.32
<0.1
121.3 ± 1.1
46.1 ± 2.0
75.7 ± 2.8
3.6 ± 0.51
ZER-NLC (100 mg/kg)
Female
57.0 ± 2.4
27.7 ± 0.3
29.2 ± 2.6
2.2 ± 0.1
<0.1
105.4 ± 4.5
53.3 ± 7.3
109.4 ± 2.3
4.1 ± 0.2
Male
66.6 ± 0.5
26.5 ± 0.4
37.7 ± 1.9
2.0 ± 0.1
<0.1
121.3 ± 1.5
46.4 ± 1.6
82.5 ± 2.5
3.9 ± 0.8
ZER-NLC (200 mg/kg)
Female
57.7 ± 0.4
29.5 ± 1.06
28.22 ± 0.9
2.4 ± 0.2
<0.1
109.8 ± 5.2
2.34 ± 2.8
138.4 ± 3.1
4.0 ± 0.14
Male
65.0 ± 4.4
26.0 ± 1.1
34.2 ± 0.9
3.2 ± 0.7
<0.1
131.0 ± 4.4
42.2 ± 3.8
82.3 ± 2.5
4.0 ± 0.8
Treatment was performed for 14 days. Values are mean ± SD () and have been analyzed using post hoc comparison test one way ANOVA. Data revealed nonsignificant () difference in liver function test after 14 days in all treated groups when compared to that of untreated control group. TP: total protein; TB: total bilirubin; CB: conjugated bilirubin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase.
(b)
()
Sodium (mmol/L)
Potassium (mmol/L)
Chloride (mmol/L)
Urea (mmol/L)
Creatinine (μmol/L)
Control
Female
148.6 ± 0.4
39.6 ± 1.6
106.4 ± 2.3
7.9 ± 0.1
31.8 ± 0.6
Male
142.5 ± 1.5
54.8 ± 2.2
111.7 ± 2.1
7.2 ± 1.0
32 ± 2.9
Vehicle
Female
143.2 ± 1.2
39.8 ± 0.8
109.4 ± 1.6
7.2 ± 1.2
32.8 ± 1.1
Male
145.2 ± 1.7
59.8 ± 2.02
115.7 ± 1.6
7.7 ± 1.1
33.2 ± 1.8
ZER (100 mg/kg)
Female
151.5 ± 0.5
41.7 ± 0.3
108.2 ± 0.7
8.4 ± 1.0
35.6 ± 0.8
Male
144.7 ± 2.1
57.3 ± 1.9
112.1 ± 2.7
7.3 ± 2.3
35.8 ± 3.1
ZER (200 mg/kg)
Female
153.2 ± 0.3
44.4 ± 1.6
111.06 ± 2.1
8.8 ± 2.2
37.2 ± 3.2
Male
145.8 ± 1.9
56.4 ± 3.3
117.05 ± 3.1
7.9 ± 3.5
35.6 ± 2.7
NLC (100 mg/kg)
Female
152 ± 0.9
43.7 ± 0.5
107.7 ± 0.6
7.35 ± 0.1
33.53 ± 0.8
Male
142.6 ± 3.0
56.2 ± 3.3
107.8 ± 0.3
6.3 ± 1.7
31.3 ± 1.5
NLC (200 mg/kg)
Female
145.4 ± 0.6
43.2 ± 0.4
106.7 ± 0.6
6.4 ± 0.4
34.6 ± 1.5
Male
141.1 ± 1.0
550.4 ± 1.4
108.5 ± 1.3
6.3 ± 1.1
36.7 ± 2.5
ZER-NLC (100 mg/kg)
Female
146.4 ± 0.8
44.5 ± 0.4
106 ± 0.2
6.6 ± 0.3
33.8 ± 0.1
Male
140.2 ± 3.0
55.2 ± 2.5
107.4 ± 3.1
6.9 ± 0.4
34.6 ± 2.5
ZER-NLC (200 mg/kg)
Female
146.9 ± 0.7
47 ± 0.2
107.8 ± 0.3
6.5 ± 0.3
36 ± 0.2
Male
141.9 ± 2.1
56.8 ± 3.8
112.3 ± 2.5
7.8 ± 1.2
29.7 ± 2.6
Treatment was performed for 14 days. Values are mean ± SD () and have been analyzed using post hoc comparison test one way ANOVA. Data revealed nonsignificant () difference in liver function test after 14 days in all treated groups when compared to that of untreated control group.
