Review Article
Novel Biomarkers for Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
Table 1
AKI biomarkers categories.
| | Inflammatory biomarkers: | | | (i) neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) | | | (ii) interleukin-18 (IL-18) | |
| | Tubular proteins: | | | (i) kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) | | | (ii) Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) | |
| | Surrogate markers of tubular injury: | | | (i) urinary low molecular weight proteins escaping reabsorption on tubular injury (cystatin C, or microglobulin, and retinol binding protein) | | | (ii) urinary tubular enzymes released on tubular injury (NAG N-acetyl--D-glucosaminidase, alkaline phosphatase AP, GT gamma-glutamyl-transferase, etc.) | |
|
|
