Nigral Iron Elevation Is an Invariable Feature of Parkinson’s Disease and Is a Sufficient Cause of Neurodegeneration

Table 2

Iron elevation (TCS) in the genetics of PD.

Locus	Gene	Mutation	Comments	Iron elevation	Reference
PARK1/4	Alpha synuclein	3 point mutations, duplication, triplication	Onset age 40–50; Rapid progression, frequent dementia. Lewy bodies present	Yes	[130]
PARK2	Parkin	>100 mutations	Age of onset 17–24 years; Parkinsonism; Other motor symptoms but no dementia. Lewy bodies present	Yes	[130, 131]
PARK6	PINK1	>20 mutations	Onset age 30–50; Clinical features resemble Parkin mutations. Lewy bodies present	Yes	[130, 132]
PARK7	DJ-1	3 point mutations	Onset age 20–40; Clinical features resemble Parkin mutations. Unknown if Lewy bodies are present	Yes	[130]
PARK8	LRRK2	6 point mutations	Age of onset 50s; Resembles idiopathic PD. Lewy bodies present	Yes	[130, 133]
PARK9	ATP13A2	1 mutation	Age of onset 10–30 years; Parkinsonism,; supranuclear gaze paresis, pyramidal signs, and dementia. Unknown if Lewy bodies are present	??
PARK14	PLA2G6	2 mutations	Age of onset 20–40; Parkinsonism; Dementia, psychosis, dystonia, and hyperreflexia. Unknown if Lewy bodies are present	??
PARK15	FBXO7	3 mutations	Age of onset 7–22; Parkinsonism,; hyperreflexia, and spasticity. Unknown if Lewy bodies are present	??

Iron accumulation [130–133] and Lewy bodies [134].