|
| Products | Assay type | Hypothesized target | Pros | Cons | References |
|
| Chloroquine | In vitro (vero cells) | Disrupted endosome-mediated CHIKV internalization, possibly through the prevention of endosomal acidification. | In vitro study proved that it blocks the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the proliferation of monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes. | In vivo study required. |
Delogu and de Lamballerie, 2011 [50]
Khan et al., 2010 [41] |
|
| Ribavirin | Human | Can interact with the intracellular viral RNA production. | Faster resolution of joint and soft tissue manifestations. | Involvement of a small number of patients and lack of planning as randomly distributed patients were not compared with a placebo group. | Ravichandran and Manian, 2008 [44] |
|
| 6-Azauridine | In vitro (vero cells) | Inhibition of orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase, an enzyme involved in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine, cytidine, and thymidine. | Showed a significant inhibition of CHIKV at a low concentration. | The antiviral activity has been difficult to replicate in vivo. | Briolant et al., 2004 [46] |
|
| Arbidol | In vitro (vero and primary human fibroblast cells) | Inhibition of virus mediated fusion and blocking of the viral entry into the target cells through inhibition of glycoprotein conformational changes that are essential for the fusion process. | Well-tolerated with minimal side effects. | Not tested in in vivo system. | Delogu et al., 2011 [48] |
|
| Harringtonine | In vitro (BHK21 cells) | Affects CHIKV RNA production inside the infected cell as well as viral protein expression such as the nsP3 and the E2 proteins. | Minimal cytotoxicity. | Not tested in in vivo system. | Kaur et al., 2013 [49] |
|
