Dual Effects of Cigarette Smoke Extract  on Proliferation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells  and the Protective Effect of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine on EPCs against the Damage Caused by CSE

<table>The effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The capacity of EPCs (measured by optical density (OD) levels) was significantly increased with stimulations of 1.0% CSE and 2.5% CSE but decreased with interventions of 5.0% CSE and 10.0% CSE for 3 hours (h) compared to that of controls (<sup>★</sup><svg height="11.375" id="M12" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
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</svg>). The OD levels were significantly increased in EPCs with stimulation of 1.0% CSE but decreased in the cells with interventions of 2.5% CSE, 5.0% CSE, and 10.0% CSE for 6 h compared to those of controls (<sup>★</sup><svg height="11.375" id="M13" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5
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</svg>). The OD levels were significantly decreased in the EPCs with interventions of 1.0% CSE, 2.5% CSE, 5.0% CSE, and 10.0% CSE for 24 h compared to those of controls (<sup><i>☆</i></sup><svg height="11.375" id="M14" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5
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</svg>).</table>

BioMed Research International

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Figure 4

Figure 4: Dual Effects of Cigarette Smoke Extract  on Proliferation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells  and the Protective Effect of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine on EPCs against the Damage Caused by CSE 

Figure 4 | Dual Effects of Cigarette Smoke Extract  on Proliferation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells  and the Protective Effect of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine on EPCs against the Damage Caused by CSE 