Research Article
Measurement of Urinary Biomarkers of Parabens, Benzophenone-3, and Phthalates in a Belgian Population
Table 5
Paraben and BP3 concentrations—medians (95th percentile) in µg/L—reported in human urine samples for children, males, and females.
| Location (sampling years) | Population | Age (years) | | MP | EP | PP | BP | BP3 | Reference |
| Belgium (2013) | Children | 1–11 | 48 | 18.6 (581.1) | 1.1 (13.7) | 1.1 (96.9) | 0.5 (5.7) | 1.6 (15.2) | This study | Spain (2005-2006) | Boys | 4 | 30 | 150.0 (—) | 8.1 (—) | 21.5 (—) | 1.2 (—) | 1.9 (—) | [37] | USA (2009-2010) | Children | 6–11 | 415 | 26.5 (873.0) | <LOD (11.5) | 2.7 (114.0) | <LOD (2.2) | 14.6 (1570.0) | [38] | Denmark (2011) | Children | 6–11 | 143 | 3.0 (62.0) | 0.4 (3.7) | 1.7 (33.0) | <LOD (1.4) | 1.8 (40.0) | [39] | China (2012) | Children | 9-10 | 70 | — (—) | — (—) | — (—) | — (—) | 0.6 (6.4)‡ | [40] | Belgium (2013) | Males | 1–75 | 123 | 7.7 (223.4) | 1.3 (41.4) | 0.5 (20.2) | <LOD (4.9) | 0.9 (34.5) | This study | Denmark (2006) | Males | 18–26 | 60 | 17.7 (2002.0)‡ | 2.0 (564.0)‡ | 3.6 (256.0)‡ | 0.2 (67.6)‡ | — (—) | [41] | USA (2009-2010) | Males | ≥6 | 1399 | 25.3 (727.0) | <LOD (36.4) | 2.8 (134.0) | <LOD (2.7) | 15.3 (610.0) | [38] | Belgium (2013) | Females | 1–85 | 138 | 32.4 (630.6) | 1.9 (83.1) | 3.3 (116.5) | 0.5 (11.1) | 1.7 (32.7) | This study | France (2002–2006) | Pregnant women | — | 191 | 104.3 (2689.7) | 1.5 (38.2) | 10.4 (267.7) | 2.2 (63.6) | 1.7 (143.0) | [42] | Spain (2004–2008) | Pregnant women | — | 120 | 191.0 (—) | 8.8 (—) | 29.8 (—) | 2.4 (—) | 3.4 (—) | [37] | Japan (2007–2010) | Pregnant women | | 111 | 75.8 (1361.0)‡ | 7.5 (593.0)‡ | 20.2 (2690.0)‡ | 0.6 (22.8)‡ | — (—) | [43] | USA (2009-2010) | Females | ≥6 | 1350 | 106.0 (1230.0) | 2.0 (138.0) | 20.2 (361.0) | 0.3 (31.8) | 32.0 (3200.0) | [38] | Puerto Rico (2010–2012) | Pregnant women | — | 105 | 153.0 (1590.0) | — (—) | 36.7 (493.0) | 0.4 (36.4) | 31.3 (2150.0) | [30] | China (2010–2012) | Pregnant women | ≥18 | 567 | — (—) | — (—) | — (—) | — (—) | 0.1 (0.8) | [44] | Danemark (2011) | Mothers | 31–52 | 145 | 14.0 (275.0) | 0.9 (44.0) | <LOD (14.0) | <LOD (9.3) | 3.7 (312.0) | [39] |
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—: no results/information. maximum. mean.
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